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Arévalo-García N. A., & García-Pazmiño M. A. (2021). Percepción del Miedo al Delito Mediante el Diseño Ambiental: Enfoque Microescala. Procesos Urbanos, 8(1), e528. https://doi.org/10.21892/2422085X.528
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Este estudio afina la evaluación de la percepción del Miedo al Delito (MAD) con sus aspectos (in)tangibles usando la metodología de Prevención del Delito Mediante el Diseño Ambiental (CPTED por sus siglas en inglés). Para ello, se construyó un enfoque microescala basado en la disciplina de Psicología Ambiental y se aplicó en un caso de estudio universitario en Quito, Ecuador. La metodología es cuantitativa, de alcance descriptivo y corte transversal. La muestra no probabilística de 320 estudiantes universitarios utilizó un método participativo móvil y un cuestionario de victimización. De allí, se sientan bases para el desarrollo teórico-práctico CPTED.
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Arabi, M., Saberi Naseri, T., y Jahdi, R. (2020). Use All Generation of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Design urban Historical Fabric (Case Study: The central area of Tehran Metropolis, Eastern Oudlajan). Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 11(2), 519–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2019.11.003
Armitage, R. (2014). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. En G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 720–731). New York, NY: Springer New York.
Austin, D. M., Furr, L. A., y Spine, M. (2002). The effects of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of safety. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(5), 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00148-4
Brantingham, P. L., y Brantingham, P. J. (1993). Nodes, paths and edges: Considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80212-9
Canadian Students Federation. (2015). Sexual violence on campus. Canadian Federation of Students–Ontario. Recuperado de https://cfsontario.ca/research/
Chadee, D., Ng Ying, N. K., Chadee, M., y Heath, L. (2016). Fear of Crime: The Influence of General Fear, Risk, and Time Perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(6), 1224–1246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516650970
Chataway, M., y Bourke, A. (2020). Fear of Crime, Disorder, and Quality of Life. En K. M. Lersch y J. Chakraborty (Eds.), Geographies of Behavioural Health, Crime, and Disorder: The Intersection of Social Problems and Place (pp. 137–163). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33467-3_7
Chataway, M. L., Hart, T. C., Coomber, R., y Bond, C. (2017). The geography of crime fear: A pilot study exploring event-based perceptions of risk using mobile technology. Applied Geography, 86, 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.06.010
Cozens, P. (2016). Think crime!: Using evidence, theory and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) for planning safer cities. Perth, W.A: Praxis Education.
Cozens, P., Saville, G., y Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/02637470510631483
Cozens, P., y Sun, M. Y. (2018). Exploring crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and students’ fear of crime at an Australian university campus using prospect and refuge theory. Property Management, 04-2018–0023. https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-04-2018-0023
Crowe, T., y Zahm, D. (1994). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. NAHB Land Development Magazine, 22. Recuperado de https://www.popcenter.org/sites/default/files/Responses/closing_streets/PDFs/Crowe_Zahm_1994.pdf
De Biasi, A. (2017). Transforming vacant lots: Investigating an alternative approach to reducing fear of crime. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 50, 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.02.007
De Silva, C. S., Warusavitharana, E. J., y Ratnayake, R. (2017). An examination of the temporal effects of environmental cues on pedestrians’ feelings of safety. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.03.006
Ellard, C. (2020). Neuroscience, Wellbeing, and Urban Design: Our Universal Attraction to Vitality. Psychological Research on Urban Society, 3(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.7454/proust.v3i1.81
Ergun, A., y Kulkul, C. (2019). Defining semi-public space: A case study in the gated communities of Yaşamkent, Ankara. Turkish Studies, 20(5), 776–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1556565
Fennelly, L. J., y Perry, M. A. (2018). CPTED and Traditional Security Countermeasures150 Things You Should Know: 150 Things You Should Know. Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315144528
Fleury-Bahi, G., Pol, E., y Navarro, O. (2017). Handbook of Environmental Psychology and Quality of Life Research (1st ed. 2017). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Gabriel, U., y Greve, W. (2003). The Psychology of Fear of Crime. Conceptual and Methodological Perspectives. The British Journal of Criminology, 43(3), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.3.600
Gehl, J. (1986). “Soft edges” in residential streets. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 3(2), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/02815738608730092
Gifford, R. (2016). Research methods for environmental psychology. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
Gil, D. B. (2017). Un enfoque para el estudio ambiental del miedo al crimen: Aproximación Integradora al Enclave del Miedo (AIEM). Revista electrónica de ciencia penal y criminología, (19), 4.
Gouseti, I., y Jackson, J. (2016). Construal-level theory and fear of crime. En Researching social psychology. Psychology of fear, crime, and the media: International perspectives (pp. 22–39). New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Hedayati Marzbali, M., Abdullah, A., Razak, N. A., y Maghsoodi Tilaki, M. J. (2012). Validating crime prevention through environmental design construct through checklist using structural equation modelling. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(2), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2011.08.005
Hillier, B. (1996). Space is the machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hollway, W., y Jefferson, T. (1997). The risk society in an age of anxiety: Situating fear of crime. The British Journal of Sociology, 48(2), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.2307/591751
Jackson, J. (2009). A psychological perspective on vulnerability in the fear of crime. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(4), 365–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160802275797
Jacobs, J. (1992). The death and life of great American cities (Vintage Books ed). New York: Vintage Books.
Jae Seung, L., Sungjin, P., y Sanghoon, J. (2016). Effect of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Measures on Active Living and Fear of Crime. Sustainability, 8(9), 872. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090872
Jeffery, C. R. (1977). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage.
Jeffery, C. R. (1978). Criminology as an Interdisciplinary Behavioral Science. Criminology, 16(2), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1978.tb00085.x
Keats, P. A. (2009). Multiple text analysis in narrative research: Visual, written, and spoken stories of experience. Qualitative Research, 9(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794108099320
Kim, S., Park, S., y Lee, J. S. (2014). Meso- or micro-scale? Environmental factors influencing pedestrian satisfaction. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 30, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2014.05.005
Lang, J. (1991). Design Theory from an Environment and Behavior Perspective. En E. H. Zube & G. T. Moore (Eds.), Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design (pp. 53–101). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5814-5_2
LEAJ. (1967). The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society [Law enforcement and administration of justice]. United States. Recuperado de https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/42.pdf
Lee, M., y Mythen, G. (2017). The Routledge International Handbook on Fear of Crime. Milton, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Logroño, J. (2009). Situación de acoso, abuso y otros delitos sexuales en el ámbito de la educación superior. Caso Universidad Central de Ecuador. Recuperado de http://repositorio.iaen.edu.ec/handle/24000/4373
López-Sánchez, M. P., Alberich, T., Aviñó, D., Francés García, F., Ruiz-Azarola, A., y Villasante, T. (2018). Herramientas y métodos participativos para la acción comunitaria. Informe SESPAS 2018. Gaceta Sanitaria, 32, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2018.06.008
McConnell, E. H. (1997). Fear of Crime on Campus: A Study of a Southern University. Journal of Security Administration, 20(2), 22–46.
McCrea, R., Shyy, T.-K., Western, J., y Stimson, R. J. (2005). Fear of crime in Brisbane: Individual, social and neighbourhood factors in perspective. Journal of Sociology, 41(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783305048381
Mihinjac, M., y Saville, G. (2019). Third-Generation Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Social Sciences, 8(6), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060182
Minnery, J. R., y Lim, B. (2005). Measuring Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 22(4), 330–341. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43030751
Moffatt, R. E. (1983). Crime prevention through environmental design: A management perspective. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 25(1), 19–31.
Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space: Crime prevention through urban design (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Paydar, M., Kamani-Fard, A., y Etminani-Ghasrodashti, R. (2017). Perceived security of women in relation to their path choice toward sustainable neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. Cities, 60(Part A), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.002
Piga, B., y Morello, E. (2015). Environmental design studies on perception and simulation: An urban design approach. UMR 1563 - Ambiances Architectures Urbanités (AAU), (1). https://doi.org/10.4000/ambiances.647
Pulyaevskaya, O., y Pulyaevskaya, E. (2019). Modern assessment of social psychological sustainability and urban environment quality. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 667, 012085. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/667/1/012085
Pyyry, N. (2015). ‘Sensing with’ photography and ‘thinking with’ photographs in research into teenage girls’ hanging out. Children’s Geographies, 13(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.828453
Pyyry, N. (2019). From psychogeography to hanging‐out‐knowing: Situationist dérive in nonrepresentational urban research. Area, 51(2), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12466
Rau, M., y Castillo, P. (2008). Prevención de la violencia y el delito mediante el diseño ambiental en Latinoamérica y El Caribe: Estrategias urbanas de cohesión social e integración ciudadana. Revista INVI, 23(64). https://doi.org/10.4067/invi.v23i64.451
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. (2017). Crime report [Data set]. Freedom of Information Office.
Saville, G., y Cleveland, G. (2013). Second-Generation CPTED: Rise and Fall of Opportunity Theory. En 21st Century Security and CPTED Designing for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention (2nd Edition). Boca Raton: CRC Press. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1201/b15046
Schafer, J. A., Huebner, B. M., y Bynum, T. S. (2006). Fear of crime and criminal victimization: Gender-based contrasts. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.03.003
Skogan, W. G., y Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping With Crime: Individual and Neighborhood Reactions. Sage Publications.
Smith, M. C. (1988). Coping with Crime on Campus. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Solymosi, R., Bowers, K., y Fujiyama, T. (2015). Mapping fear of crime as a context-dependent everyday experience that varies in space and time. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20(2), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12076
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Armitage, R. (2014). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. En G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 720–731). New York, NY: Springer New York.
Austin, D. M., Furr, L. A., y Spine, M. (2002). The effects of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of safety. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(5), 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00148-4
Brantingham, P. L., y Brantingham, P. J. (1993). Nodes, paths and edges: Considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80212-9
Canadian Students Federation. (2015). Sexual violence on campus. Canadian Federation of Students–Ontario. Recuperado de https://cfsontario.ca/research/
Chadee, D., Ng Ying, N. K., Chadee, M., y Heath, L. (2016). Fear of Crime: The Influence of General Fear, Risk, and Time Perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(6), 1224–1246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516650970
Chataway, M., y Bourke, A. (2020). Fear of Crime, Disorder, and Quality of Life. En K. M. Lersch y J. Chakraborty (Eds.), Geographies of Behavioural Health, Crime, and Disorder: The Intersection of Social Problems and Place (pp. 137–163). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33467-3_7
Chataway, M. L., Hart, T. C., Coomber, R., y Bond, C. (2017). The geography of crime fear: A pilot study exploring event-based perceptions of risk using mobile technology. Applied Geography, 86, 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.06.010
Cozens, P. (2016). Think crime!: Using evidence, theory and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) for planning safer cities. Perth, W.A: Praxis Education.
Cozens, P., Saville, G., y Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/02637470510631483
Cozens, P., y Sun, M. Y. (2018). Exploring crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and students’ fear of crime at an Australian university campus using prospect and refuge theory. Property Management, 04-2018–0023. https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-04-2018-0023
Crowe, T., y Zahm, D. (1994). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. NAHB Land Development Magazine, 22. Recuperado de https://www.popcenter.org/sites/default/files/Responses/closing_streets/PDFs/Crowe_Zahm_1994.pdf
De Biasi, A. (2017). Transforming vacant lots: Investigating an alternative approach to reducing fear of crime. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 50, 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.02.007
De Silva, C. S., Warusavitharana, E. J., y Ratnayake, R. (2017). An examination of the temporal effects of environmental cues on pedestrians’ feelings of safety. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.03.006
Ellard, C. (2020). Neuroscience, Wellbeing, and Urban Design: Our Universal Attraction to Vitality. Psychological Research on Urban Society, 3(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.7454/proust.v3i1.81
Ergun, A., y Kulkul, C. (2019). Defining semi-public space: A case study in the gated communities of Yaşamkent, Ankara. Turkish Studies, 20(5), 776–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1556565
Fennelly, L. J., y Perry, M. A. (2018). CPTED and Traditional Security Countermeasures150 Things You Should Know: 150 Things You Should Know. Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315144528
Fleury-Bahi, G., Pol, E., y Navarro, O. (2017). Handbook of Environmental Psychology and Quality of Life Research (1st ed. 2017). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Gabriel, U., y Greve, W. (2003). The Psychology of Fear of Crime. Conceptual and Methodological Perspectives. The British Journal of Criminology, 43(3), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.3.600
Gehl, J. (1986). “Soft edges” in residential streets. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 3(2), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/02815738608730092
Gifford, R. (2016). Research methods for environmental psychology. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
Gil, D. B. (2017). Un enfoque para el estudio ambiental del miedo al crimen: Aproximación Integradora al Enclave del Miedo (AIEM). Revista electrónica de ciencia penal y criminología, (19), 4.
Gouseti, I., y Jackson, J. (2016). Construal-level theory and fear of crime. En Researching social psychology. Psychology of fear, crime, and the media: International perspectives (pp. 22–39). New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Hedayati Marzbali, M., Abdullah, A., Razak, N. A., y Maghsoodi Tilaki, M. J. (2012). Validating crime prevention through environmental design construct through checklist using structural equation modelling. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(2), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2011.08.005
Hillier, B. (1996). Space is the machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hollway, W., y Jefferson, T. (1997). The risk society in an age of anxiety: Situating fear of crime. The British Journal of Sociology, 48(2), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.2307/591751
Jackson, J. (2009). A psychological perspective on vulnerability in the fear of crime. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(4), 365–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160802275797
Jacobs, J. (1992). The death and life of great American cities (Vintage Books ed). New York: Vintage Books.
Jae Seung, L., Sungjin, P., y Sanghoon, J. (2016). Effect of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Measures on Active Living and Fear of Crime. Sustainability, 8(9), 872. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090872
Jeffery, C. R. (1977). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage.
Jeffery, C. R. (1978). Criminology as an Interdisciplinary Behavioral Science. Criminology, 16(2), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1978.tb00085.x
Keats, P. A. (2009). Multiple text analysis in narrative research: Visual, written, and spoken stories of experience. Qualitative Research, 9(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794108099320
Kim, S., Park, S., y Lee, J. S. (2014). Meso- or micro-scale? Environmental factors influencing pedestrian satisfaction. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 30, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2014.05.005
Lang, J. (1991). Design Theory from an Environment and Behavior Perspective. En E. H. Zube & G. T. Moore (Eds.), Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design (pp. 53–101). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5814-5_2
LEAJ. (1967). The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society [Law enforcement and administration of justice]. United States. Recuperado de https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/42.pdf
Lee, M., y Mythen, G. (2017). The Routledge International Handbook on Fear of Crime. Milton, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Logroño, J. (2009). Situación de acoso, abuso y otros delitos sexuales en el ámbito de la educación superior. Caso Universidad Central de Ecuador. Recuperado de http://repositorio.iaen.edu.ec/handle/24000/4373
López-Sánchez, M. P., Alberich, T., Aviñó, D., Francés García, F., Ruiz-Azarola, A., y Villasante, T. (2018). Herramientas y métodos participativos para la acción comunitaria. Informe SESPAS 2018. Gaceta Sanitaria, 32, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2018.06.008
McConnell, E. H. (1997). Fear of Crime on Campus: A Study of a Southern University. Journal of Security Administration, 20(2), 22–46.
McCrea, R., Shyy, T.-K., Western, J., y Stimson, R. J. (2005). Fear of crime in Brisbane: Individual, social and neighbourhood factors in perspective. Journal of Sociology, 41(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783305048381
Mihinjac, M., y Saville, G. (2019). Third-Generation Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Social Sciences, 8(6), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060182
Minnery, J. R., y Lim, B. (2005). Measuring Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 22(4), 330–341. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43030751
Moffatt, R. E. (1983). Crime prevention through environmental design: A management perspective. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 25(1), 19–31.
Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space: Crime prevention through urban design (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Paydar, M., Kamani-Fard, A., y Etminani-Ghasrodashti, R. (2017). Perceived security of women in relation to their path choice toward sustainable neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. Cities, 60(Part A), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.002
Piga, B., y Morello, E. (2015). Environmental design studies on perception and simulation: An urban design approach. UMR 1563 - Ambiances Architectures Urbanités (AAU), (1). https://doi.org/10.4000/ambiances.647
Pulyaevskaya, O., y Pulyaevskaya, E. (2019). Modern assessment of social psychological sustainability and urban environment quality. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 667, 012085. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/667/1/012085
Pyyry, N. (2015). ‘Sensing with’ photography and ‘thinking with’ photographs in research into teenage girls’ hanging out. Children’s Geographies, 13(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.828453
Pyyry, N. (2019). From psychogeography to hanging‐out‐knowing: Situationist dérive in nonrepresentational urban research. Area, 51(2), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12466
Rau, M., y Castillo, P. (2008). Prevención de la violencia y el delito mediante el diseño ambiental en Latinoamérica y El Caribe: Estrategias urbanas de cohesión social e integración ciudadana. Revista INVI, 23(64). https://doi.org/10.4067/invi.v23i64.451
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. (2017). Crime report [Data set]. Freedom of Information Office.
Saville, G., y Cleveland, G. (2013). Second-Generation CPTED: Rise and Fall of Opportunity Theory. En 21st Century Security and CPTED Designing for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention (2nd Edition). Boca Raton: CRC Press. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1201/b15046
Schafer, J. A., Huebner, B. M., y Bynum, T. S. (2006). Fear of crime and criminal victimization: Gender-based contrasts. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.03.003
Skogan, W. G., y Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping With Crime: Individual and Neighborhood Reactions. Sage Publications.
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