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De La Fuente De Val G. (2025). Perceived naturalness: the effect on scenic quality of a disturbed Mediterranean landscape in central Chile. Procesos Urbanos, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.21892/2422085X.728
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Abstract
This study analyses landscape preferences in the Andean foothills of Santiago, Chile, with the aim of understanding how visitors value its natural landscapes and the impact of perceived naturalness on these preferences. Using representative photographs of the four predominant landscape types, participants’ visual perceptions were evaluated. The results highlight the crucial role of vegetation in the valuation of foothill landscapes, as well as the positive effect of perceived naturalness in differentiating landscapes and influencing aesthetic preferences. Furthermore, the study underscores the usefulness of Kaplan's environmental preference model as a theoretical framework for interpreting aesthetic responses to the analysed landscapes. These findings emphasise the need to preserve landscapes with greater ecological integrity and provide valuable guidelines for designing management and conservation strategies in the central Mediterranean region of Chile.
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References
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Bjerke, T., Østdahl, T., Thrane, C. & Strumse, E. (2006). Vegetation density of urban parks and perceived appropriateness for recreation. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 5,(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.01.006
Castell, C., & Nogué, J. (2018). Relación entre calidad visual y ecológica en paisajes periurbanos: Estudio de caso en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona. Revista Geográfica Digital, 12(4). Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/journal/569/56943187009/html/
Chen, Y., Zhao, Q., Liu, Y., & Zeng, H. (2025). Exploring the impact of natural and human activities on vegetation changes: An integrated analysis framework based on trend analysis and machine learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 374, 124092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124092
Corraliza, J., de Frutos, B. & Moll, A. (2023). Naturaleza y belleza escénica: Estudio de los juicios de preferencia en paisajes naturales. Ecosistemas 32(especial), 2466. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.2466
Daniel, T. C. (2001). Wither scenic beauty?. Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 56, 267-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00141-4
De la Fuente, G. (2023). The effect of spontaneous wild vegetation on landscape preferences in urban green spaces. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 81, 127863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127863
De la Fuente, G., Atauri, J. & De Lucio, J. (2006). Relationship between landscape visual attributes and spatial pattern indices: A test study in Mediterranean-climate landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 77(4), 393-407.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.05.003
Delaney, P., Godbole, N., Holden, L. & Chang, Y. (2018). Working memory capacity and the spacing effect in cued recall. Memory 26 (6), 784–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1408841
Dobbs, C. Nitschke, C., & Kendal, D. (2017). Assessing the drivers shaping global patterns of urban vegetation landscape structure. Science of The Total Environment, 592, 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.058
Filp, J., Fuente, E., Donoso, S. & Martinic, S. (1983). Environmental perception of mountain ecosystems in Central Chile: An exploratory study. Human Ecology 11(3), 345-351. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4602708
Fuentealba, R. (2023). Escalas espacio-temporales y la persistencia de ‘un desastre’ en la precordillera de Santiago, Chile. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres REDER, 7 (2), 126-141. https://doi.org/10.55467/reder.v7i2.128
Fuentes, E., Espinosa, G., & Fuenzalida, I. (1984). Cambios vegetacionales y percepción ambiental: El caso de Santiago de Chile. Revista Geografía Norte Grande 11, 45-53. https://revistatrabajosocial.uc.cl/index.php/RGNG/article/view/39525
García, A., Serrano, M., Méndez, A., & Salinas, E. (2019). Diseño y aplicación de indicadores de calidad paisajística para la evaluación de atractivos turísticos en áreas rurales. Revista de geografía Norte Grande, (72), 55-73. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022019000100055
Gobster, P., Arnberger, A., Schneider, I., Floress, K., Haines, A., Dockry, M., & Benton, C. (2021). Restoring a “scenically challenged” landscape: Landowner preferences for pine barrens treatment practices. Landscape and Urban Planning, 211, 104104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104104
Gutiérrez-Briceño, I., García-Llorente, M., Turkelboom, F., Mortelmans, D., Defrijn, S., Yacamán-Ochoa, C., … & Siegert, A. (2024). Towards sustainable landscapes: Implementing participatory approaches in contract design for biodiversity preservation and ecosystem services in Europe. Environmental Science & Policy, 160, 103831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103831
Herzog, T. R., & Krospscott, L. S. (2004). Legibility, mystery, and visual access as predictor preference and perceived danger in forest settings without pathways. Environment Behavoir 36(5), 659-677. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504264138
Hoffmann, A., & Fuentes, E. (1988). Es necesario conservar. In E. Fuentes & S. Prenafreta (Eds.), Ecología del paisaje de Chile Central: Estudios sobre sus espacios montañosos (pp. 105–121). Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile.
Hoffmann, A., y Hoffmann, V. (1980). Percepción de la vegetación en la cordillera de los andes, chile central. Studia Oecologica 2, 39-57.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/autor?codigo=209864
Kang, N., & Liu, C. (2022). Towards landscape visual quality evaluation: Methodologies, technologies, and recommendations. Ecological Indicators, 142, 109174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109174
Kaplan, R., y Kaplan, S. (1998). With people in mind: Design and management of everyday nature. Island Press
Korpilo, S., Nyberg, E., Vierikko, K., Ojala, A., Kaseva, J., Lehtimäki, J., … y Raymond, C. M. (2024). Landscape and soundscape quality promote stress recovery in nearby urban nature: A multisensory field experiment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 95, 128286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128286
Lacosta, J. (2019). Identificación y evaluación de los ecosistemas en el término municipal de Sos del Rey Católico [Trabajo Fin de Grado, Universidad de Zaragoza]. Recuperado de TAZ-TFG-2021-4811.pdf
Lan, Y., Chen, J., Yang, Y., Ling, M., You, H., y Han, X. (2023). Landscape pattern and ecological risk assessment in Guilin based on land use change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032045
Lis, A., Zalewska, K., Pardela, Ł., Adamczak, E., Cenarska, A., Bławicka, K., Brzegowa, B. y Matiiuk, A. (2022). How the amount of greenery in city parks impacts visitor preferences in the context of naturalness, legibility and perceived danger. Landscape and Urban Planning, 228, 104556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104556
Lynch, K. (2000). La imagen de la ciudad (4a ed). Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili. (Obra original publicada en 1960).
Mendes, P., Goyette, J., Cottet, M., Cimon-Morin, J., Pellerin, S. y Poulin, M. (2024). The aesthetic value of natural vegetation remnants, city parks and vacant lots: The role of ecosystem features and observer characteristics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 98, 128388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128388
Moreno, U. (2019). Ecoturismo y turismo científico. Conservación de la biodiversidad y resolución de problemas locales en Chalán, Montes de María [Trabajo Fin de Máster, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya]. https://openaccess.uoc.edu/bitstream/10609/102786/6/uamorenoTFM0719memoria.pdf
Nassauer, J. I. (1995). Messy ecosystems, orderly frames. Landscape Journal, 14(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.14.2.161
Ögçe, H., Sarı, E. y Erdem, M. (2024). Assessing the visual landscape of Istanbul Bosphorus: Exploring the role of vegetation and built environment characteristics. Land Use Policy, 145, 107288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107288
Otavo, S. y Echeverría, C. (2017). Fragmentación progresiva y pérdida de hábitat de bosques naturales en uno de los hotspot mundiales de biodiversidad. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 88(4), 924-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2017.10.041
Pueyo-Ros, J., Serrano, M., y García, F. (2017). Propuesta para valorar la calidad escénica de paisajes del agua y su potencial turístico: Paisajes multisensoriales. Investigaciones Geográficas, (68) https://www.investigacionesgeograficas.com/article/view/2017-n68-propuesta-para-valorar-la-calidad-de-paisajes-del-agua
Purcell, T. y Lamb, R. (1998). Preference and naturalness: An ecological approach Landscape and Urban Planning 42, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00073-5
Sahraoui, Y., Clauzel, C. y Foltête, J.-C. (2021). A metrics-based approach for modeling covariation of visual and ecological landscape qualities. Ecological Indicators, 123, 107331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107331
Santé, I., Tubío, M. y Miranda, D. (2020). Public participation in defining landscape planning scenarios and landscape quality objectives (LQO): Landscape Guidelines for Galicia (NW Spain) case study. Land Use Policy, 94, 104559, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104559
Serrano, D. (2015). Valoración escénica de paisaje periurbano con utilidad en planeamiento territorial. Estudio de caso en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona. Investigaciones Geográficas, (88), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.45090
Sousa, N., Monteiro, J., Natividade-Jesus, E. y Coutinho-Rodrigues, J. (2023). The impact of geometric and land use elements on the perceived pleasantness of urban layouts. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 50(3), 740-756. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221129879
Sperandio, H., de Morais, M., de Jesus França, L., Mucida, D., Santana, R., da Silva, R., Rodrigues, C., de Faria, B., de Azevedo, M. y Gorgens, E. (2025). Land suitability modeling integrating geospatial data and artificial intelligence. Agricultural Systems, 223, 104197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2024.104197
Suárez, R. (2017). Valoración de los atributos y las preferencias paisajísticas en la gestión turística de las áreas naturales protegidas: el caso de Chihuahua, México. [Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Girona]. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/383996
Tyrväinen, L., Silvennoinen H. y Kolehmainen, O. (2003). Ecological and aesthetic values in urban forest management. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 1, 3, 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1078/1618-8667-00014
Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to the natural environment. En J Altman J., J. y Wohlwill (Eds.), Human Behavoir and Environment: Advances in Theory and Research (Vol. 6, pp. 85–125). Plenum Press.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2021). Becoming #GenerationRestoration: Ecosystem restoration for people, nature and climate. Nairobi, UNEP.
Wohlwill, J. (1976). Environmental aesthetics: The environment as a source of affect. En J Altman & J. Wohlwill (Eds.), Human Behavoir and Environment: Advances in Theory and Research (Vol.1, pp. 37-86). Plenum Press.
Bjerke, T., Østdahl, T., Thrane, C. & Strumse, E. (2006). Vegetation density of urban parks and perceived appropriateness for recreation. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 5,(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.01.006
Castell, C., & Nogué, J. (2018). Relación entre calidad visual y ecológica en paisajes periurbanos: Estudio de caso en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona. Revista Geográfica Digital, 12(4). Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/journal/569/56943187009/html/
Chen, Y., Zhao, Q., Liu, Y., & Zeng, H. (2025). Exploring the impact of natural and human activities on vegetation changes: An integrated analysis framework based on trend analysis and machine learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 374, 124092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124092
Corraliza, J., de Frutos, B. & Moll, A. (2023). Naturaleza y belleza escénica: Estudio de los juicios de preferencia en paisajes naturales. Ecosistemas 32(especial), 2466. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.2466
Daniel, T. C. (2001). Wither scenic beauty?. Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 56, 267-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00141-4
De la Fuente, G. (2023). The effect of spontaneous wild vegetation on landscape preferences in urban green spaces. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 81, 127863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127863
De la Fuente, G., Atauri, J. & De Lucio, J. (2006). Relationship between landscape visual attributes and spatial pattern indices: A test study in Mediterranean-climate landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 77(4), 393-407.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.05.003
Delaney, P., Godbole, N., Holden, L. & Chang, Y. (2018). Working memory capacity and the spacing effect in cued recall. Memory 26 (6), 784–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1408841
Dobbs, C. Nitschke, C., & Kendal, D. (2017). Assessing the drivers shaping global patterns of urban vegetation landscape structure. Science of The Total Environment, 592, 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.058
Filp, J., Fuente, E., Donoso, S. & Martinic, S. (1983). Environmental perception of mountain ecosystems in Central Chile: An exploratory study. Human Ecology 11(3), 345-351. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4602708
Fuentealba, R. (2023). Escalas espacio-temporales y la persistencia de ‘un desastre’ en la precordillera de Santiago, Chile. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres REDER, 7 (2), 126-141. https://doi.org/10.55467/reder.v7i2.128
Fuentes, E., Espinosa, G., & Fuenzalida, I. (1984). Cambios vegetacionales y percepción ambiental: El caso de Santiago de Chile. Revista Geografía Norte Grande 11, 45-53. https://revistatrabajosocial.uc.cl/index.php/RGNG/article/view/39525
García, A., Serrano, M., Méndez, A., & Salinas, E. (2019). Diseño y aplicación de indicadores de calidad paisajística para la evaluación de atractivos turísticos en áreas rurales. Revista de geografía Norte Grande, (72), 55-73. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022019000100055
Gobster, P., Arnberger, A., Schneider, I., Floress, K., Haines, A., Dockry, M., & Benton, C. (2021). Restoring a “scenically challenged” landscape: Landowner preferences for pine barrens treatment practices. Landscape and Urban Planning, 211, 104104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104104
Gutiérrez-Briceño, I., García-Llorente, M., Turkelboom, F., Mortelmans, D., Defrijn, S., Yacamán-Ochoa, C., … & Siegert, A. (2024). Towards sustainable landscapes: Implementing participatory approaches in contract design for biodiversity preservation and ecosystem services in Europe. Environmental Science & Policy, 160, 103831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103831
Herzog, T. R., & Krospscott, L. S. (2004). Legibility, mystery, and visual access as predictor preference and perceived danger in forest settings without pathways. Environment Behavoir 36(5), 659-677. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504264138
Hoffmann, A., & Fuentes, E. (1988). Es necesario conservar. In E. Fuentes & S. Prenafreta (Eds.), Ecología del paisaje de Chile Central: Estudios sobre sus espacios montañosos (pp. 105–121). Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile.
Hoffmann, A., y Hoffmann, V. (1980). Percepción de la vegetación en la cordillera de los andes, chile central. Studia Oecologica 2, 39-57.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/autor?codigo=209864
Kang, N., & Liu, C. (2022). Towards landscape visual quality evaluation: Methodologies, technologies, and recommendations. Ecological Indicators, 142, 109174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109174
Kaplan, R., y Kaplan, S. (1998). With people in mind: Design and management of everyday nature. Island Press
Korpilo, S., Nyberg, E., Vierikko, K., Ojala, A., Kaseva, J., Lehtimäki, J., … y Raymond, C. M. (2024). Landscape and soundscape quality promote stress recovery in nearby urban nature: A multisensory field experiment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 95, 128286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128286
Lacosta, J. (2019). Identificación y evaluación de los ecosistemas en el término municipal de Sos del Rey Católico [Trabajo Fin de Grado, Universidad de Zaragoza]. Recuperado de TAZ-TFG-2021-4811.pdf
Lan, Y., Chen, J., Yang, Y., Ling, M., You, H., y Han, X. (2023). Landscape pattern and ecological risk assessment in Guilin based on land use change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032045
Lis, A., Zalewska, K., Pardela, Ł., Adamczak, E., Cenarska, A., Bławicka, K., Brzegowa, B. y Matiiuk, A. (2022). How the amount of greenery in city parks impacts visitor preferences in the context of naturalness, legibility and perceived danger. Landscape and Urban Planning, 228, 104556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104556
Lynch, K. (2000). La imagen de la ciudad (4a ed). Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili. (Obra original publicada en 1960).
Mendes, P., Goyette, J., Cottet, M., Cimon-Morin, J., Pellerin, S. y Poulin, M. (2024). The aesthetic value of natural vegetation remnants, city parks and vacant lots: The role of ecosystem features and observer characteristics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 98, 128388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128388
Moreno, U. (2019). Ecoturismo y turismo científico. Conservación de la biodiversidad y resolución de problemas locales en Chalán, Montes de María [Trabajo Fin de Máster, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya]. https://openaccess.uoc.edu/bitstream/10609/102786/6/uamorenoTFM0719memoria.pdf
Nassauer, J. I. (1995). Messy ecosystems, orderly frames. Landscape Journal, 14(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.14.2.161
Ögçe, H., Sarı, E. y Erdem, M. (2024). Assessing the visual landscape of Istanbul Bosphorus: Exploring the role of vegetation and built environment characteristics. Land Use Policy, 145, 107288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107288
Otavo, S. y Echeverría, C. (2017). Fragmentación progresiva y pérdida de hábitat de bosques naturales en uno de los hotspot mundiales de biodiversidad. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 88(4), 924-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2017.10.041
Pueyo-Ros, J., Serrano, M., y García, F. (2017). Propuesta para valorar la calidad escénica de paisajes del agua y su potencial turístico: Paisajes multisensoriales. Investigaciones Geográficas, (68) https://www.investigacionesgeograficas.com/article/view/2017-n68-propuesta-para-valorar-la-calidad-de-paisajes-del-agua
Purcell, T. y Lamb, R. (1998). Preference and naturalness: An ecological approach Landscape and Urban Planning 42, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00073-5
Sahraoui, Y., Clauzel, C. y Foltête, J.-C. (2021). A metrics-based approach for modeling covariation of visual and ecological landscape qualities. Ecological Indicators, 123, 107331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107331
Santé, I., Tubío, M. y Miranda, D. (2020). Public participation in defining landscape planning scenarios and landscape quality objectives (LQO): Landscape Guidelines for Galicia (NW Spain) case study. Land Use Policy, 94, 104559, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104559
Serrano, D. (2015). Valoración escénica de paisaje periurbano con utilidad en planeamiento territorial. Estudio de caso en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona. Investigaciones Geográficas, (88), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.45090
Sousa, N., Monteiro, J., Natividade-Jesus, E. y Coutinho-Rodrigues, J. (2023). The impact of geometric and land use elements on the perceived pleasantness of urban layouts. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 50(3), 740-756. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221129879
Sperandio, H., de Morais, M., de Jesus França, L., Mucida, D., Santana, R., da Silva, R., Rodrigues, C., de Faria, B., de Azevedo, M. y Gorgens, E. (2025). Land suitability modeling integrating geospatial data and artificial intelligence. Agricultural Systems, 223, 104197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2024.104197
Suárez, R. (2017). Valoración de los atributos y las preferencias paisajísticas en la gestión turística de las áreas naturales protegidas: el caso de Chihuahua, México. [Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Girona]. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/383996
Tyrväinen, L., Silvennoinen H. y Kolehmainen, O. (2003). Ecological and aesthetic values in urban forest management. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 1, 3, 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1078/1618-8667-00014
Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to the natural environment. En J Altman J., J. y Wohlwill (Eds.), Human Behavoir and Environment: Advances in Theory and Research (Vol. 6, pp. 85–125). Plenum Press.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2021). Becoming #GenerationRestoration: Ecosystem restoration for people, nature and climate. Nairobi, UNEP.
Wohlwill, J. (1976). Environmental aesthetics: The environment as a source of affect. En J Altman & J. Wohlwill (Eds.), Human Behavoir and Environment: Advances in Theory and Research (Vol.1, pp. 37-86). Plenum Press.
