Abstract
The objective of this paper was to describe the relationship between attitudes and use of Inclusive Language (LI) with the demographic variables Gender and Age. Inclusive Language is that use of language that does not recognize the male gender as a generic of humanity, seeking to reduce stereotypes and discrimination through communication. For this, we work whit a cuantitative research design ex post facto and prospective research whit one group design and the responses to a self-administered questionnaire of 613 participants, residents of the city of Buenos Aires, obtained through a non-probabilistic and intentional sampling were analyzed. The age range was 18 to 70 years; and gender distribution of 346 female, 256 male and 11 non-binary participants, through a prospective ex post facto method. In the results, differences were found, according to gender, for positive attitudes towards Inclusive Language and for the frequency of its use. Female participants would have a higher positive assessment of Inclusive Language, and would use it more than those of male gender. On the other hand, in the lowest age range (18 to 23 years old) and highest (50 to 70 years old), lower positive attitudes towards Inclusive Language were observed, while the intermediate age groups obtained higher values for this variable. It is necessary to continue studying the scope and limits of Inclusive Language in other psychosocial factors.
Keywords:
Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Bejarano Franco, M. T. (2013). El uso del lenguaje no sexista como herramienta para construir un mundo más igualitario. Vivat Academia, (124), 79-89. ISSN: 1575-2844
Budgeon, S. (2013). The Dynamics of Gender Hegemony: Femininities, Masculinities and Social Change. Sociology, 48(2), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038513490358
Campagnoli, M. A. (2014). ¡Andá a lavar los platos! Androcentrismo y sexismo en el lenguaje. En A. M. Bach (Ed.), Para una didáctica con perspectiva de Género, (pp. 59-106). Miño y Dávila – UNSAM.
Chenlo, N. (2014). Guía de Lenguaje Inclusivo en el Ministerio del Interior. Taller Gráfico.
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M. (2014). “A giant leap for mankind” but what about women? The role of system-justifying ideologies in predicting attitudes toward sexist language. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(6), 667-680. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X14538638
Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press.
Formanowicz, M. M., Cislak, A., Horvath, L. K., Sczesny, S. (2015). Capturing socially motivated linguistic change: how the use of gender-fair language affects support for social initiatives in Austria and Poland. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1617. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01617
Frohard-Dourlent, H., Dobson, S., Clark, B. A., Doull, M., Saewyc, E. M. (2017). “I would have preferred more options”: accounting for non-binary youth in health research. Nursing inquiry, 24(1), 24:e12150. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12150
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological review, 102(1), 4-27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
Gustafsson Sendén, M., Bäck, E. A., Lindqvist, A. (2015). Introducing a gender-neutral pronoun in a natural gender language: the influence of time on attitudes and behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 893. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00893
Hyde, J. S., Bigler, R. S., Joel, D., Tate, C. C., van Anders, S. M. (2019). The future of sex and gender in psychology: Five challenges to the gender binary. American Psychologist, 74(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000307
Jiménez Rodrigo, M. L., Román Onsalo, M. L., Traverso Cortés, J. (2010). Diagnóstico sobre la sensibilidad hacia el lenguaje no sexista por parte del alumnado universitario. En Investigaciones multidisciplinares en Género: II Congreso Universitario Nacional Investigación y Género. Facultad de Ciencias del Trabajo de la Universidad de Sevilla, 17 y 18 de junio de 2010. (Coord.) Isabel Vázquez Bermúdez; (Com. cient.) Consuelo Flecha García et al. (567-585). Sevilla: Unidad para la Igualdad, Universidad de Sevilla.
Jiménez Rodrigo, M. L., Román Onsalo, M. L., Traverso Cortés, J. (2011). Lenguaje no sexista y barreras a su utilización. Un estudio en el ámbito universitario. Revista de investigación en educación, 2(9), 174-183.
Kaufmann, C., Bohner, G. (2014). Masculine generics and gender-aware alternatives in Spanish. IFFOnZeit–Online Journal of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Bielefeld, 4(3), 8-17.
Knussen, C., Yule, F., MacKenzie, J., Wells, M. (2004). An analysis of intentions to recycle household waste: The roles of past behaviour, perceived habit, and perceived lack of facilities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2003.12.001
Lindqvist, A., Renström, E. A., Sendén, M. G. (2019). Reducing a male bias in language? Establishing the efficiency of three different gender-fair language strategies. Sex Roles, 81(1-2), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0974-9
Maass, A., Arcuri, L. (1996). Language and stereotyping. In N. Macrae, M. Hewstone, & C. Stangor (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 193-226). Guilford Press.
Martyna, W. (1978). What does ‘he’ mean? Use of the generic masculine. Journal of communication, 28(1), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01576.x
Parks, J. B., Roberton, M. A. (1998). Influence of age, gender, and context on attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language: Is sport a special case? Sex roles, 38(5-6), 477-494. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018766023667
Parks, J. B., Roberton, M. A. (2008). Generation gaps in attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 27(3), 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X08317956
Puppo, M. L. (2009). Repensar el mundo a partir de los textos. En S. Elizalde, K. Felitti, y G. Queirolo (Eds.). Géneros y sexualidades en las tramas del saber. Revisiones y Propuestas. Libros del Zorzal.
Sarrasin, O., Gabriel, U., Gygax, P. (2012). Sexism and attitudes toward gender-neutral language. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 71, 113-124. doi: 10.1024/1421-0185/a000078
Sato, S., Athanasopoulos, P. (2018). Grammatical gender affects gender perception: Evidence for the structural-feedback hypothesis. Cognition, 176, 220-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.014
Sczesny, S., Formanowicz, M., Moser, F. (2016). Can gender-fair language reduce gender stereotyping and discrimination? Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00025
Sczesny, S., Moser, F., Wood, W. (2015). Beyond sexist beliefs: How do people decide to use gender-inclusive language? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(7), 943-954. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215585727
Stahlberg, D., und Sczesny, S. (2001). Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen. [Efectos del masculino genérico y formas alternativas del lenguaje en la inclusión mental de la representación de las mujeres]. Psychologische Rundschau, 52(3), 131-140.
Stout, J. G., & Dasgupta, N. (2011). When he doesn’t mean you: Gender-exclusive language as ostracism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 757-769. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211406434
Vervecken, D., Hannover, B., Wolter, I. (2013). Changing (S) expectations: How gender fair job descriptions impact children’s perceptions and interest regarding traditionally male occupations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 208-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.01.008