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Ureña Ramírez A. J., Urbáez Echavarria N. J., Galiana-Llinares L., & Oliver Germes A. (2016). Humor styles in dominican university students. Búsqueda, 3(17), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.21892/01239813.288
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Abstract
In light of the implications of positive psychology, attention has recently been devoted to the study of humor and its relation to health, highlighting its benefits for people. This conceptualization as a “therapeutic humor” has promoted research (Cann and Etzel, 2008, Capps, 2006, Erickson and Feldstein, 2007, Kuiper, Martin and Olinger, 1993, Martin et al., 2003, Vilaythong, Aranu, Rosen and Mascaro, 2003) that have resulted in the elaboration of different scales of humor, determining that there are different styles of the same. Some humor styles have clear roots in Dominican history and culture as discussed in this paper. The objective of this research is to study the different styles of humor, its relationship with age, with subjective happiness and with depression in a sample of 145 Dominican university students. Instruments such as the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) (Martin et al., 2003), the Center Depression Scale for Epidemiological Studies (Kohout, Berkman, Evans and Cornoni-Huntley, 1993) and the Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky and Lepper, 1999). The results show differences between the different styles of humor with the exception of aggressive humor and disqualification that are similar in their intensity of manifestation: the humor of personal improvement is the less prevalent, followed by the affiliative and both are significantly lower on average than the rest, the harmful ones. The young Dominicans, as well as populations described in literatures such as the Spanish, throw a profile with predominance of aggressive humor and disqualification on the use of affiliative humor and personal improvement. A differential behavior is observed with the depression of the aggressive humor and the disqualifying one: only the second one is significant, and it has negative sign. The four mood styles are shown independent of age.
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References
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Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Bergman, L.R., & Wångby, M. (2014). The person-oriented approach: A short theoretical and practical guide. Estonian Journal of Education, 2, 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/eha.2014.2.1.02b.
Berk, L. (1989). Neuroendocrine and stress hormone changes during mirthful laughter. American Journal Medicines Science, 298, 390-396.
Black, D.W. (1984). Laughter. Journal of American Medical Association. JAMA, 252, 2995-2998
Bollen & H. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136- 162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In C. A.
Cann, A. & Etzel, K. (2008). Remembering and anticipating stressors: Positive personality mediates the relationship with sense of humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 2(2),157-178.
Capps, D. (2006). The psychological benefits of humor. Pastoral Psychology, 54(5), 393-411.
Carbelo, B. (2008). El humor en la relación con el paciente. Una guía para profesionales de la salud. Barcelona: Elsevier–Masson.
Cassaretto, M. & Martínez, P. (2009). Validación de la escala del sentido del humor en estudiantes universitarios. Revista de Psicología, 27, 2, 287-310.
Cayssials, A., D´Anna, A. & Pérez, M. A. (2006). Estilos del sentido del humor. Un estudio transcultural en población adulta según género. XIII Jornadas de Investigación y Segundo Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del Mercosur. Facultad de Psicología - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires. Disponible en http://www.aacademica.org/000- 039/547
Cheek, J. M. (1983). The Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS). Unpublished manuscript, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA.
Chiang, Y., Sheng, H., Wu, W., & Yen, L. (2014). Clusters of humor expression and related factors among junior high school students in Taiwan. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 46(2), 289-310.
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, CEPAL (2016). Panorama social de América Latina 2015, (LC/G.2691-P), Santiago, 2016.
Crawford, M., & Gressley, D. (1991). Creativity, caring, and context: Women’s and men’s accounts of humor preferences and practices. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 217–231.
Critchley, S. (2002). On humour. London: Routledge.
Darwin, C. (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: Murray.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
Dyck, K.T.H., & Holtzman, S. (2013). Understanding humor styles and well-being: The importance of social relationships and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 53-58. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.023.
Erickson, S. & Feldstein, S. (2007). Adolescent humour and its relationship to coping, defense strategies, psychological distress, and well-being. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37, 255-271.
Frankl, V.E. (1991) El Hombre en Busca de Sentido. Barcelona: Editorial Herder.
Freud, S. (1963). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 5, trans. J. Strachey. New York: W.W. Norton.
Freud, S. (1987). Humor. trans. J. Rivière. In J. Morreall (Ed.), The philosophy of laughter and humor (pp. 111-116). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Fry, W.F. (1992). The physiologic effects of humor, mirth, and laughter. Journal of American Medical Association. JAMA, 267, 1857-1858.
Graham, J. M. (2006). Congeneric and essentially tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability: What they are and how to use them. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 930-944.
Hobbes, T. (1839). Leviathan. In The English works of Thomas Hobbes, ed. W. Molesworth, vol. 3. London: Bohn.
Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. J. (2005). Cultures and Organizations (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Kant, I. (1892). Critique of Judgment, trans. J.H. Bernard. London: Macmillan.
Kohout, F. J., Berkman, L. F., Evans, D. A., & Cornoni-Huntley, J. (1993). Two shorter forms of the CES-D depression symptoms index. Journal of Aging and Health, 5, 179-193.
Kuiper, N. A., & McHale, N. (2009). Humor styles as mediators between self-evaluative standards and psychological well-Being. The Journal of Psychology, 2009, 143(4), 359-376.
Kuiper, N. A., Martin, R. A., & Olinger, L. J. (1993). Coping humour, stress, and cognitive appraisals. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 25, 81–96.
Kuiper, N.A. (2012). Humor and resiliency: Towards a process model of coping and growth. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8, 475–491. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v8i3.464.
Lefcourt, H. M. (2001). Humor: The psychology of living buoyantly. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Leist, A. K., & Müller, D. (2013). Humor types show different patterns of self-regulation, self-esteem, and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 551-569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9342-6.
Lilo, P. R. (2006). Influencia de los estilos de humor sobre las estrategias de afrontamiento en Entre Ríos. Revista Psicodebate: Psicología, cultura y sociedad, 7, 95-118.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137-155.
Martin, R. A. (2001). Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues and research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 504-519.
Martin, R. A. (2007). The Psychology of Humor: An integrative approach. Burlington, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1983). Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stressors and moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1313-1324.
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1984) Situational Humor Response Questionnaire: quantitative measure of sense of humor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 145-155.
Martin, R. A., Phulik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 48-75.
Martin, R.A., & Kuiper, N.A.(1999). Daily occurrence of laughter: Relationships with age, gender, and type A personality. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12, 355–384.
Matz, A. & S.T. Brown (1998). Humor and pain management. A review of current literature. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 16, 68-75.
Mendiburo-Seguel, A., Pàez, D., & Martínez-Sánchez, F. (2015). Humor styles and personality: A meta-analysis of the relation between humor styles and the Big Five personality traits. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56, 335–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12209.
Morreall, J. (1987). (Ed.), The Philosophy of Laughter and Humor. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Pérez, M. (1981). Estampas dominicanas: Primera entrega. Publicaciones América. Santo Domingo, R.D.
Pérez, M. “Benéfico humor dominicano” Publicado el 17 de Septiembre de 2016 en Periódico El Nacional, Sto. Domingo. http://elnacional.com.do/benefico-humor-dominicano/
Plato (1978) Philebus 48-50. In The collected dialogues of Plato (ed. E. Hamilton and H. Cairs). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Porterfield, A.L., F.S. Mayer, K.G. Dougherty, K.E. Kredich, M.M. Kronberg, K.M. Marsee & Y. Okazaki (1988). Private self-consciousness, canned laughter and responses to humorous stimuli. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 409-423.
Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral scale reliability and measurement invariance evaluation using latent variable modeling. Behavioral Therapy, 35, 299-331.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ruch, W. (ed.). (1998). The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ruch, Willibald & Jennifer Hofmann. (2012). A temperament approach to humor. In Paola Gremigni (ed.), Humor and health promotion (pp. 79–112). New York: Nova Science.
Ruch, Willibald, Gabriele Köhler & Christoph van Thriel. (1996). Assessing the temperamental basis of the sense of humor: Construction of the facet and standard trait forms of the State-Trait- Cheerfulness-Inventory – STCI. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9, 303–339.
Sánchez, M. F. (1997). Psicología del pueblo dominicano. Hacia una interpretación de la psicología dominicana (p-153,154). Santo Domingo, R.D: Editora Universitaria (UASD)
Sirigatti, S., Penzo, I., Giannetti, E., & Stefanile, C. (2014). The Humor Styles Questionnaire in Italy: psychometric properties and relationships with psychological well-being. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 429-450. http:// dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i3.682.
Sirigatti, S., Penzo, I., Giannetti, E.,Casale, S., & Stefanile, C. (2016). Relationships between humorism profiles and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 219-224.
Stieger, S., Formann, A. K., & Burger, C. (2011). Humor styles and their relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 747-750. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.025.
Svebak, S. (1974a). Revised questionnaire on the sense of humor. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 15, 328-331.
Svebak, S. (1974b) A theory of sense of humor. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 15, 99-107.
Taher, D., Kazarian, S. S., & Martin, R. D. (2008). Validation of the Arabic Humor Styles Questionnaire in a community sample of Lebanese in Lebanon. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(5), 552-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022108321177.
Tucker, R. P., Judah, M. R., O’Keefe, V. M., Mills, A. c., Lechner, W. V., Davidson, C. L., Grant, D. M., & Wingate, L. R. (2013). Humor styles impact the relationship between symptoms of social anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 823-827.
Van den Broeck, A., Vander Elst, T., Dikkers, J., De Lange A., & De Witte, H. (2012). This is funny: On the beneficial role of self-enhancing and affiliative humour in job design. Psicothema, 24, 1, 87-93.
Vilaythong, A., Arnau, R., Rosen, D. & Mascaro, N. (2003). Humor and hope: Can humor and hope: Can humor increase hope? Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 16(1), 79-89.
Weeks, A. (2000). Let’s hear it for endorphins! Online newsletter, www.healingpassages.com.
Wittgenstein, L. (1980). Culture and Value (ed. De G.H. Von Wright). Oxford: Blackwell.
Yoshino, S., J. Fujimori & M. Khoda (1996). Effects of mirthful laughter on neuroendocrine and immune systems in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 23, 793-794.
Yue, X. D., Liu, K. W., Jiang, J., & Hiranandani, N. A. (2014). Humor styles, self-esteem, and subjective happiness. Psychological Reports: Mental & Physical Health, 115, 517-525. DOI 10.2466/07.02.PR0.115c18z6
Zaglul, A. (2015). Apuntes. Editora Letra Gráfica: Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.
Zeigler-Hill, V., & Besser, A. (2011). Humor style mediates the association between pathological narcissism and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1196-1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.006.
Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2012). Self-esteem and humor style as mediators of the effects of shyness on loneliness among Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 686-690.
Zhao, J., Wang, Y., & Kong, F. (2014). Exploring the mediation effect of social support and self-esteem on the relationship between humor style and life satisfaction in Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 126–130.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Bergman, L.R., & Wångby, M. (2014). The person-oriented approach: A short theoretical and practical guide. Estonian Journal of Education, 2, 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/eha.2014.2.1.02b.
Berk, L. (1989). Neuroendocrine and stress hormone changes during mirthful laughter. American Journal Medicines Science, 298, 390-396.
Black, D.W. (1984). Laughter. Journal of American Medical Association. JAMA, 252, 2995-2998
Bollen & H. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136- 162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In C. A.
Cann, A. & Etzel, K. (2008). Remembering and anticipating stressors: Positive personality mediates the relationship with sense of humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 2(2),157-178.
Capps, D. (2006). The psychological benefits of humor. Pastoral Psychology, 54(5), 393-411.
Carbelo, B. (2008). El humor en la relación con el paciente. Una guía para profesionales de la salud. Barcelona: Elsevier–Masson.
Cassaretto, M. & Martínez, P. (2009). Validación de la escala del sentido del humor en estudiantes universitarios. Revista de Psicología, 27, 2, 287-310.
Cayssials, A., D´Anna, A. & Pérez, M. A. (2006). Estilos del sentido del humor. Un estudio transcultural en población adulta según género. XIII Jornadas de Investigación y Segundo Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del Mercosur. Facultad de Psicología - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires. Disponible en http://www.aacademica.org/000- 039/547
Cheek, J. M. (1983). The Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS). Unpublished manuscript, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA.
Chiang, Y., Sheng, H., Wu, W., & Yen, L. (2014). Clusters of humor expression and related factors among junior high school students in Taiwan. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 46(2), 289-310.
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, CEPAL (2016). Panorama social de América Latina 2015, (LC/G.2691-P), Santiago, 2016.
Crawford, M., & Gressley, D. (1991). Creativity, caring, and context: Women’s and men’s accounts of humor preferences and practices. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 217–231.
Critchley, S. (2002). On humour. London: Routledge.
Darwin, C. (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: Murray.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
Dyck, K.T.H., & Holtzman, S. (2013). Understanding humor styles and well-being: The importance of social relationships and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 53-58. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.023.
Erickson, S. & Feldstein, S. (2007). Adolescent humour and its relationship to coping, defense strategies, psychological distress, and well-being. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37, 255-271.
Frankl, V.E. (1991) El Hombre en Busca de Sentido. Barcelona: Editorial Herder.
Freud, S. (1963). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 5, trans. J. Strachey. New York: W.W. Norton.
Freud, S. (1987). Humor. trans. J. Rivière. In J. Morreall (Ed.), The philosophy of laughter and humor (pp. 111-116). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Fry, W.F. (1992). The physiologic effects of humor, mirth, and laughter. Journal of American Medical Association. JAMA, 267, 1857-1858.
Graham, J. M. (2006). Congeneric and essentially tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability: What they are and how to use them. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 930-944.
Hobbes, T. (1839). Leviathan. In The English works of Thomas Hobbes, ed. W. Molesworth, vol. 3. London: Bohn.
Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. J. (2005). Cultures and Organizations (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Kant, I. (1892). Critique of Judgment, trans. J.H. Bernard. London: Macmillan.
Kohout, F. J., Berkman, L. F., Evans, D. A., & Cornoni-Huntley, J. (1993). Two shorter forms of the CES-D depression symptoms index. Journal of Aging and Health, 5, 179-193.
Kuiper, N. A., & McHale, N. (2009). Humor styles as mediators between self-evaluative standards and psychological well-Being. The Journal of Psychology, 2009, 143(4), 359-376.
Kuiper, N. A., Martin, R. A., & Olinger, L. J. (1993). Coping humour, stress, and cognitive appraisals. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 25, 81–96.
Kuiper, N.A. (2012). Humor and resiliency: Towards a process model of coping and growth. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8, 475–491. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v8i3.464.
Lefcourt, H. M. (2001). Humor: The psychology of living buoyantly. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Leist, A. K., & Müller, D. (2013). Humor types show different patterns of self-regulation, self-esteem, and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 551-569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9342-6.
Lilo, P. R. (2006). Influencia de los estilos de humor sobre las estrategias de afrontamiento en Entre Ríos. Revista Psicodebate: Psicología, cultura y sociedad, 7, 95-118.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137-155.
Martin, R. A. (2001). Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues and research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 504-519.
Martin, R. A. (2007). The Psychology of Humor: An integrative approach. Burlington, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1983). Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stressors and moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1313-1324.
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1984) Situational Humor Response Questionnaire: quantitative measure of sense of humor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 145-155.
Martin, R. A., Phulik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 48-75.
Martin, R.A., & Kuiper, N.A.(1999). Daily occurrence of laughter: Relationships with age, gender, and type A personality. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12, 355–384.
Matz, A. & S.T. Brown (1998). Humor and pain management. A review of current literature. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 16, 68-75.
Mendiburo-Seguel, A., Pàez, D., & Martínez-Sánchez, F. (2015). Humor styles and personality: A meta-analysis of the relation between humor styles and the Big Five personality traits. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56, 335–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12209.
Morreall, J. (1987). (Ed.), The Philosophy of Laughter and Humor. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Pérez, M. (1981). Estampas dominicanas: Primera entrega. Publicaciones América. Santo Domingo, R.D.
Pérez, M. “Benéfico humor dominicano” Publicado el 17 de Septiembre de 2016 en Periódico El Nacional, Sto. Domingo. http://elnacional.com.do/benefico-humor-dominicano/
Plato (1978) Philebus 48-50. In The collected dialogues of Plato (ed. E. Hamilton and H. Cairs). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Porterfield, A.L., F.S. Mayer, K.G. Dougherty, K.E. Kredich, M.M. Kronberg, K.M. Marsee & Y. Okazaki (1988). Private self-consciousness, canned laughter and responses to humorous stimuli. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 409-423.
Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral scale reliability and measurement invariance evaluation using latent variable modeling. Behavioral Therapy, 35, 299-331.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ruch, W. (ed.). (1998). The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ruch, Willibald & Jennifer Hofmann. (2012). A temperament approach to humor. In Paola Gremigni (ed.), Humor and health promotion (pp. 79–112). New York: Nova Science.
Ruch, Willibald, Gabriele Köhler & Christoph van Thriel. (1996). Assessing the temperamental basis of the sense of humor: Construction of the facet and standard trait forms of the State-Trait- Cheerfulness-Inventory – STCI. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9, 303–339.
Sánchez, M. F. (1997). Psicología del pueblo dominicano. Hacia una interpretación de la psicología dominicana (p-153,154). Santo Domingo, R.D: Editora Universitaria (UASD)
Sirigatti, S., Penzo, I., Giannetti, E., & Stefanile, C. (2014). The Humor Styles Questionnaire in Italy: psychometric properties and relationships with psychological well-being. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 429-450. http:// dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i3.682.
Sirigatti, S., Penzo, I., Giannetti, E.,Casale, S., & Stefanile, C. (2016). Relationships between humorism profiles and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 219-224.
Stieger, S., Formann, A. K., & Burger, C. (2011). Humor styles and their relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 747-750. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.025.
Svebak, S. (1974a). Revised questionnaire on the sense of humor. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 15, 328-331.
Svebak, S. (1974b) A theory of sense of humor. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 15, 99-107.
Taher, D., Kazarian, S. S., & Martin, R. D. (2008). Validation of the Arabic Humor Styles Questionnaire in a community sample of Lebanese in Lebanon. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(5), 552-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022108321177.
Tucker, R. P., Judah, M. R., O’Keefe, V. M., Mills, A. c., Lechner, W. V., Davidson, C. L., Grant, D. M., & Wingate, L. R. (2013). Humor styles impact the relationship between symptoms of social anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 823-827.
Van den Broeck, A., Vander Elst, T., Dikkers, J., De Lange A., & De Witte, H. (2012). This is funny: On the beneficial role of self-enhancing and affiliative humour in job design. Psicothema, 24, 1, 87-93.
Vilaythong, A., Arnau, R., Rosen, D. & Mascaro, N. (2003). Humor and hope: Can humor and hope: Can humor increase hope? Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 16(1), 79-89.
Weeks, A. (2000). Let’s hear it for endorphins! Online newsletter, www.healingpassages.com.
Wittgenstein, L. (1980). Culture and Value (ed. De G.H. Von Wright). Oxford: Blackwell.
Yoshino, S., J. Fujimori & M. Khoda (1996). Effects of mirthful laughter on neuroendocrine and immune systems in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 23, 793-794.
Yue, X. D., Liu, K. W., Jiang, J., & Hiranandani, N. A. (2014). Humor styles, self-esteem, and subjective happiness. Psychological Reports: Mental & Physical Health, 115, 517-525. DOI 10.2466/07.02.PR0.115c18z6
Zaglul, A. (2015). Apuntes. Editora Letra Gráfica: Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.
Zeigler-Hill, V., & Besser, A. (2011). Humor style mediates the association between pathological narcissism and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1196-1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.006.
Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2012). Self-esteem and humor style as mediators of the effects of shyness on loneliness among Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 686-690.
Zhao, J., Wang, Y., & Kong, F. (2014). Exploring the mediation effect of social support and self-esteem on the relationship between humor style and life satisfaction in Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 126–130.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.
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