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Gutiérrez Sanmartín M., Tomás Miguel J. M., & Jover Martínez A. (2016). Psychometric properties of satisfaction with life scale in angolan youth: confirmatory factor analysis and graduate response model. Búsqueda, 3(17), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.21892/01239813.286
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Abstract
Research about subjective well-being has had an increase during the last decades. Therefore, it is of great interest to have validated measurement instruments in the contexts of use, in order to increase the quality of this. The most used instrument to measure life satisfaction is the “Satisfaction with Life Scale” (SWLS). Thus, the purpose of the present study has been to analyze the psychometric properties of this scale for its use in Angolan young adults. 1,332 people formed the sample, with ages varying from 18 to 30 years, coming from different northern, center and southern Angolan localities. The factorial validation analyzes confirm that the five (5) items that make up the scale conform a unifactorial structure. Internal consistency indexes, as well as nomological validity, again indicate that SWLS is a valid and reliable scale for assessing satisfaction with life. Finally, the item response theory analyzes provide valuable information on the reliability of the measure and on the highly discriminatory nature of the items that compose it. Finally, the theory analysis of the item response provide valuable information on the reliability of the measure and on the discriminatory nature of the items that compose it.
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References
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Arrindell, W. A., Heesink, J., & Feij, J. A. (1999). The satisfaction with life scale (SWLS): Appraisal with 1700 health young adults in the Netherlands. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 815-826.
Atienza, F. L., Balaguer, I., & García-Merita, M. L. (2003). Satisfaction with life scale: analysis of factorial invariance across sexes. Personality and Individual Diferences, 35, 1255-1260.
Atienza, F. L., Pons, D., Balaguer, I., & García-Merita, M. L. (2000). Psychometric properties of satisfaction with life scale in adolescents. Psicothema, 12, 331-336.
Beiser, M. (1974). Components and correlates of mental well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 15, 320-327.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Bigot, A. (1974). The relevance of american life satisfaction indices for research on british subjects before and after retirement. Age and Ageing, 2, 113-121.
Blais, M. R., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Briere, N. M. (1989). The satisfaction with life scale: cannadian-french validation of the satisfaction with life scale. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 21, 210-223.
Böckerman, P., Johanson, E., & Saarni, S.I. (2012). Institutionalisation and subjective wellbeing for old age individuals: is life really miserable in care homes? Ageing and Society, 32, 1176-1192.
Chen, C. (2001). Aging and life satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 54, 57-79.
Clench-Aas, J., Nes, R. B., Dalgard, O. D., & Aarø, L. E. (2011). Dimensionality and measurement invariance in the satisfaction with life scale in Norway. Quality of Life Research, 20, 1307-1317.
DeHaes, J. C., Pennink, B. J. W., & Welvaart, K. (1987). The distinction between affect and cognition. Social Indicators Research, 19, 367-378.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105-1117.
Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (1998). Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17, 304-324.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425.
Easterlin, R. (2006). Life cycle happiness and its sources: Intersections of psychology, economics, and demography. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27, 463- 482.
Eckersley, R. (2013). Subjective wellbeing: Telling only half the story. A commentary on Diener et al. (2012). Theory and validity of life satisfaction scales. Social Indicators Research, 112, 529-534.
Edwards, L. (2004). Measuring perceived social support in mexican american youth: Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 187-194.
Glaesmer, H., Grande, G., Braehler, E., & Roth, M. (2011). The german version of the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 127-132.
Gouveia, V. V., Milfont, T. L., da Fonseca, P. N., & Coelho, J. (2009). Life satisfaction in Brazil: Testing the psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) in five bazilian samples. Social Indicators Research, 90, 267-277.
Hansson, A., Hillerås, P., & Forsell, Y. (2005). Well-being in an adult swedish population. Social Indicators Research, 74, 313-325.
Hultell, D., & Gustavson, J. P. (2008). A psychometric evaluation of the satisfaction with life scale in a swedish nationwide sample of university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1070- 1079.
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
Lai, J., & Wong, W. (1998). Optimism and coping with unemployment among Hong Kong chinese women. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 454-479.
Latack, J. C. (1986). Coping with job stress: Measures and future directions for scale development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 377-385.
Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia center morale scale, a revision. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 85-89.
Lucas, R. E. (2007). How stable is happiness? Using the STARTS model to estimate the stability of life satisfaction. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1091-1098.
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Sub, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616 -628.
Lucas-Carrasco, R., Den Oudsten, B., Eser, E., & Power, M. (2014). Using the satisfaction with life scale in people with Parkinson’s disease: A validation study in different european countries. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1-7.
Moksnes, U. K., Løhre, A., Byrn, D. G., & Haugan, G. (2014). Satisfaction with life scale in adolescents: Evaluation of factor structure and gender invariance in a norwegian sample. Social Indicators Research, 118, 657-671.
Monk-Turner, E. & Turner, C. (2012). Subjective wellbeing in a southwestern province in China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 357-369.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Mplus User’s Guide (Sixth Edition). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Oswald, A. J., & Wu, S. (2010). Objective confirmation of subjective measures of human well-being: Evidence from the USA. Science, 327, 576-579.
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.
Pavot, W., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvick, E. (1991). Further validation of the satisfaction with life scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of wellbeing. Social Indicators Research, 28, 1-20.
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2011). Introduction to psychometric theory. NY: Routledge.
Renshaw, T. L., Long, A. C. J., & Cook, C. R. (2015). Assessing teachers’ positive psychological functioning at work: Development and validation of the teacher subjective wellbeing questionnaire. School Psychology Quarterly, 30(2), 289-306.
Rosengren, L., Jonasson, S., Brogårdh, C., & Lexell, J. (2015). Psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 132, 164-170.
Sachs, J. (2004). Validation of the satisfaction with life scale in a sample of Hong Kong University. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 46, 225-234.
Sancho, P., Galiana, L., Gutiérrez, M., Francisco, E., & Tomás, J. M. (2014). Validating the portuguese version of the satisfaction with life scale in an elderly sample. Social Indicators Research, 115, 457-466.
Shevlin, M. E., & Bunting, B. P. (1994). Confirmatory factor analysis of the satisfaction with life scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 1316-1318.
Shevlin, M., Brunsden, V., & Miles, J. N. V. (1998). Satisfaction with life scale: Analysis of factorial invariance, mean structures and reliability. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 911-916.
Shin, D. C., & Johnson, D. M. (1978). A vowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5, 475-492.
Smith, B.W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P. y Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200.
Steiger, J. H., & Lind, C. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA
Tomás, J., Oliver, A., Galiana, L., Sancho, P., & Lila, M. (2013). Explaining method effects associated with negatively worded items in trait and state global and domain-specific self-esteem scales. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 20, 299-313.
Tucker, K. L., Ozer, D. J., Lyubomirsky, S., & Boehm, J. K. (2006). Testing for measurement invariance in the satisfaction with life scale: A comparison of russians and north americans. Social Indicators Research, 78, 341-360.
Ullman, J. B. (1996). Structural equation modeling. In B. Tabachnick & L. Fidell (Eds.), Using multivariate statistics (pp. 709-812). New York: Harper Collins.
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274.
Zickar, M. J., & Broadfoot, A. A. (2009). The partial revival of a dead horse? Comparing Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory. In C. E. Lance and R. J Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends. New York, NY: Routledge.
Anaby, D., Jarus, T., & Zumbo, B. D. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the hebrew language version of the satisfaction with life scale. Social Indicators Research, 96, 267-274.
Andrews, F. M. (1974). Social indicators of perceived life quality. Social Indicators Research, 1, 279-299.
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: America’s perception of life quality. New York: Plenum.
Arrindell, W. A., Heesink, J., & Feij, J. A. (1999). The satisfaction with life scale (SWLS): Appraisal with 1700 health young adults in the Netherlands. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 815-826.
Atienza, F. L., Balaguer, I., & García-Merita, M. L. (2003). Satisfaction with life scale: analysis of factorial invariance across sexes. Personality and Individual Diferences, 35, 1255-1260.
Atienza, F. L., Pons, D., Balaguer, I., & García-Merita, M. L. (2000). Psychometric properties of satisfaction with life scale in adolescents. Psicothema, 12, 331-336.
Beiser, M. (1974). Components and correlates of mental well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 15, 320-327.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Bigot, A. (1974). The relevance of american life satisfaction indices for research on british subjects before and after retirement. Age and Ageing, 2, 113-121.
Blais, M. R., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Briere, N. M. (1989). The satisfaction with life scale: cannadian-french validation of the satisfaction with life scale. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 21, 210-223.
Böckerman, P., Johanson, E., & Saarni, S.I. (2012). Institutionalisation and subjective wellbeing for old age individuals: is life really miserable in care homes? Ageing and Society, 32, 1176-1192.
Chen, C. (2001). Aging and life satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 54, 57-79.
Clench-Aas, J., Nes, R. B., Dalgard, O. D., & Aarø, L. E. (2011). Dimensionality and measurement invariance in the satisfaction with life scale in Norway. Quality of Life Research, 20, 1307-1317.
DeHaes, J. C., Pennink, B. J. W., & Welvaart, K. (1987). The distinction between affect and cognition. Social Indicators Research, 19, 367-378.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105-1117.
Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (1998). Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17, 304-324.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425.
Easterlin, R. (2006). Life cycle happiness and its sources: Intersections of psychology, economics, and demography. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27, 463- 482.
Eckersley, R. (2013). Subjective wellbeing: Telling only half the story. A commentary on Diener et al. (2012). Theory and validity of life satisfaction scales. Social Indicators Research, 112, 529-534.
Edwards, L. (2004). Measuring perceived social support in mexican american youth: Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 187-194.
Glaesmer, H., Grande, G., Braehler, E., & Roth, M. (2011). The german version of the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 127-132.
Gouveia, V. V., Milfont, T. L., da Fonseca, P. N., & Coelho, J. (2009). Life satisfaction in Brazil: Testing the psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) in five bazilian samples. Social Indicators Research, 90, 267-277.
Hansson, A., Hillerås, P., & Forsell, Y. (2005). Well-being in an adult swedish population. Social Indicators Research, 74, 313-325.
Hultell, D., & Gustavson, J. P. (2008). A psychometric evaluation of the satisfaction with life scale in a swedish nationwide sample of university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1070- 1079.
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
Lai, J., & Wong, W. (1998). Optimism and coping with unemployment among Hong Kong chinese women. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 454-479.
Latack, J. C. (1986). Coping with job stress: Measures and future directions for scale development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 377-385.
Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia center morale scale, a revision. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 85-89.
Lucas, R. E. (2007). How stable is happiness? Using the STARTS model to estimate the stability of life satisfaction. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1091-1098.
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Sub, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616 -628.
Lucas-Carrasco, R., Den Oudsten, B., Eser, E., & Power, M. (2014). Using the satisfaction with life scale in people with Parkinson’s disease: A validation study in different european countries. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1-7.
Moksnes, U. K., Løhre, A., Byrn, D. G., & Haugan, G. (2014). Satisfaction with life scale in adolescents: Evaluation of factor structure and gender invariance in a norwegian sample. Social Indicators Research, 118, 657-671.
Monk-Turner, E. & Turner, C. (2012). Subjective wellbeing in a southwestern province in China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 357-369.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Mplus User’s Guide (Sixth Edition). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Oswald, A. J., & Wu, S. (2010). Objective confirmation of subjective measures of human well-being: Evidence from the USA. Science, 327, 576-579.
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.
Pavot, W., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvick, E. (1991). Further validation of the satisfaction with life scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of wellbeing. Social Indicators Research, 28, 1-20.
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2011). Introduction to psychometric theory. NY: Routledge.
Renshaw, T. L., Long, A. C. J., & Cook, C. R. (2015). Assessing teachers’ positive psychological functioning at work: Development and validation of the teacher subjective wellbeing questionnaire. School Psychology Quarterly, 30(2), 289-306.
Rosengren, L., Jonasson, S., Brogårdh, C., & Lexell, J. (2015). Psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 132, 164-170.
Sachs, J. (2004). Validation of the satisfaction with life scale in a sample of Hong Kong University. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 46, 225-234.
Sancho, P., Galiana, L., Gutiérrez, M., Francisco, E., & Tomás, J. M. (2014). Validating the portuguese version of the satisfaction with life scale in an elderly sample. Social Indicators Research, 115, 457-466.
Shevlin, M. E., & Bunting, B. P. (1994). Confirmatory factor analysis of the satisfaction with life scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 1316-1318.
Shevlin, M., Brunsden, V., & Miles, J. N. V. (1998). Satisfaction with life scale: Analysis of factorial invariance, mean structures and reliability. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 911-916.
Shin, D. C., & Johnson, D. M. (1978). A vowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5, 475-492.
Smith, B.W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P. y Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200.
Steiger, J. H., & Lind, C. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA
Tomás, J., Oliver, A., Galiana, L., Sancho, P., & Lila, M. (2013). Explaining method effects associated with negatively worded items in trait and state global and domain-specific self-esteem scales. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 20, 299-313.
Tucker, K. L., Ozer, D. J., Lyubomirsky, S., & Boehm, J. K. (2006). Testing for measurement invariance in the satisfaction with life scale: A comparison of russians and north americans. Social Indicators Research, 78, 341-360.
Ullman, J. B. (1996). Structural equation modeling. In B. Tabachnick & L. Fidell (Eds.), Using multivariate statistics (pp. 709-812). New York: Harper Collins.
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274.
Zickar, M. J., & Broadfoot, A. A. (2009). The partial revival of a dead horse? Comparing Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory. In C. E. Lance and R. J Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends. New York, NY: Routledge.
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