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Muñoz Pérez I. (2016). Methods of quantification of the training load in cyclical endurance sports. Búsqueda, 3(16), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.21892/01239813.166
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to make a state of the art regarding the main methods
and purposes of training load (TL) quantification in endurance cyclic sports. Firstly, it
was presented the methods for quantifying the TL based on the perceived exertion.
Secondly, it was shown the different methods found in the scientific references which
were based on physiological variables. Finally, it was presented future practical
applications regarding the possibilities which new technologies presently on the
market offer, in the development of new systems of TL quantification.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Achten, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2003). Heart rate monitoring: Applications and limitations. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 33(7), 517-538.
Aubert, A. E., Seps, B., & Beckers, F. (2003). Heart rate variability in athletes. Sports Medicine, 33, 889–919
Banister, E. W., & Calvert, T. W. (1980). Planning for future performance: Implications for long term training. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences.Journal Canadien Des Sciences Appliquées Au Sport, 5(3),170-176.
Borg, G. & Dahlstrom, H. (1964a). A case study of perceived exertion during a work test. Acta Societatis Medicorum Upsaliensis, 67, 91-93.
Borg, G. & Dahlstrom, H. (1964b). A pilot study of perceived exertion and physical working capacity. Acta Societatis Medicorum Upsaliensis, 67, 21-27.
Borg, G. A. (1975). Perceived exertion. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2, 131-153.
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M. I. (2007). Changes in heart rate recovery in response to acute changes in training load. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(4), 503-511.
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M.I. (2008). Quantifying training load: a comparison of subjective and objective methods. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(1):16-30.
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M.I. (2009). The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 39(9), 779-795.
Buchheit, M., Chivot, A., Parouty, J., Mercier, D., Al Haddad, H., Laursen, P. B., & Ahmaidi, S. (2010). Monitoring endurance running performance using cardiac parasympathetic function. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108, 1153–1167.
Buchheit, M., Laursen, P. B., & Ahmaidi, S. (2007). Parasympathetic reactivation after repeated sprint exercise. AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 293(1), 133–141.
Cejuela Anta, R., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2011). Training load quantification in triathlon. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise , 6(2), 218-232.
Chalencon, S., Busso, T., Lacour, J.-R., Garet, M., Pichot, V., Connes, P., … Barthélémy, J. C. (2012). A model for the training effects in swimming demonstrates a strong relationship between parasympathetic activity, performance and index of fatigue. PLoS One, 7(12), e52636.
Chandola, T., Heraclides, A., & Kumari, M. (2010). Psychophysiological biomarkers of workplace stressors. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 51–57.
DellaValle, D.M & Haas, J.A. (2013). Quantification of Training Load and Intensity in Female Collegiate Rowers: Validation of a Daily Assessment Tool. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(2),540–548.
Devec, T., Pialoux, V., Saugy, J., Schmitt, L., Cejuela, R., Mury, P., ... Millet, G.P.(2015). Prooxidant/Antioxidant Balance in Hypoxia: A Cross-Over Study on Normobaric vs. Hypobaric “Live High-Train Low”. PLoS One, 10(9),e0137957.
Ebert, T. R., Martin, D. T., McDonald, W., Victor, J., Plummer, J., & Withers, R. T. (2005). Power output during women’s world cup road cycle racing. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(5-6), 529-536.
Ebert, T. R., Martin, D. T., Stephens, B., & Withers, R. T. (2006). Power output during a professional men’s road-cycling tour. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(4), 324-335.
Edwards, S. (1993). The heart rate monitor book. Sacramento: Fleet Feet Press. Esteve-Lanao, J., Foster, C., Seiler, S., & Lucia, A. (2007). Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association, 21(3), 943-949.
Fiskerstrand, A., & Seiler, K. S. (2004). Training and performance characteristics among norwegian international rowers 1970-2001. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 14(5), 303-310.
Foster, C., Florhaug, J. A., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovatin, L. A., Parker, S., et al. (2001). A new approach to monitoring exercise training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association, 15(1), 109-115.
Fry, R. W., Morton, A. R., & Keast, D. (1992). Periodisation of training stress--a review. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences = Journal Canadien Des Sciences Du Sport, 17(3), 234-240.
García-Ramos, A. et al. (2015). Training load quantification in elite swimmers using a modified version of the training impulse method. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(2), 85-93.
Gardner, A.S., Stephens, S., Martin, D.T., Lawton, E., Lee, H., Jenkins, D. (2004). Accuracy of SRM and power tap power monitoring systems for bicycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(7),1252-1258.
Guellich, A., & Seiler, S. (2010). Lactate profile changes in relation to training characteristics in junior elite cyclists.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 316-327.
Hautala, A. J., Kiviniemi, A. M., & Tulppo, M. P. (2009). Individual responses to aerobic exercise: The role of the autonomic
nervous system. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(2), 107–115
Hayes, P. R., & Quinn, M. D. (2009). A mathematical model for quantifying training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(6), 839-847.
Jobson, S. A., Passfield, L., Atkinson, G., Barton, G., & Scarf, P. (2009). The analysis and utilization of cycling training data. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 39(10), 833-844.
Kaikkonen, P., Hynynen, E.,Mann, T., Rusko, H., & Nummela, A. (2010). Can HRV be used to evaluate training load inconstant load exercises? European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108,435–442.
Kaikkonen, P., Hynynen, E.,Mann, T., Rusko, H., & Nummela, A. (2012). Heart rate variability is related to training load variables in interval running exercises. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 829–838.
Kaikkonen, P., Nummela, A., & Rusko, H. (2007). Heart rate variability dynamics during early recovery after different endurance exercises. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 102(1), 79–86.
Luciá, A., Hoyos, J., Carvajal, A., & Chicharro, J. L. (1999). Heart rate response to professional road cycling: The tour de
france. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(3), 167-172.
Manzi, V., Iellamo, F., Impellizzeri, F., D’Ottavio, S., & Castagna, C. (2009). Relation between individualized training
impulses and performance in distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(11), 2090-2096.
Martinmäki, K., & Rusko, H. (2008). Timefrequency analysis of heart rate variability during immediate recovery from low and high intensity exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 102, 353–360.
Medina, S., Domínguez-Perles, R., Cejuela- Anta, R., Villaño, D., Martínez-Sanz, J.M., Gil, P., … Gil-Izquierdo, A. (2012).
Assessment of oxidative stress markers and prostaglandins after chronic training of triathletes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Media, 99(3-4),79-86.
Morton, R. H., Fitz-Clarke, J., & Banister, E. W. (1990). Modeling human performance in running. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 69(3), 1171-1177.
Mujika, I. (1998). The influence of training characteristics and tapering on the adaptation in highly trained individuals: A review. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(7), 439-446.
Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2003). Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(7), 1182-1187. Mujika, I., Busso, T., Lacoste, L., Barale, F., Geyssant, A., & Chatard, J. C. (1996). Modeled responses to training and taper in competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(2), 251-258.
Mujika, I., Padilla, S., Pyne, D., & Busso, T. (2004). Physiological changes associated with the pre-event taper in athletes. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 34(13), 891-927.
Muñoz, I., Cejuela, R., Seiler, S., Larumbe, E., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2014). Training-intensity distribution during an ironman season: relationship with competition performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(2),332-339.
Munoz, I., Seiler, S., Alcocer, A., Carr, N., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2015). Specific Intensity for Peaking: Is Race Pace the Best Option? Asian journal of sports medicine, 6(3),e24900.
Muñoz, I., Seiler, S., Bautista, J., España, J., Larumbe, E., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2014). Does polarized training improve performance in recreational runners? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(2):265-272.
Saboul, D., Balducci, P., Millet, G., Pialoux, V., & Hautier, C. (2015). A pilot study on quantification of training load: The use of HRV intraining practice. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(2),172-181.
Seiler, K. S., & Kjerland, G. Ø. (2006). Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: Is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 16(1), 49-56.
Singh, F., Foster, C., Tod, D., & McGuigan, M. R. (2007). Monitoring different types of resistance training using session rating of perceived exertion. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2(1), 34-45.
Skinner, J. S., & McLellan, T. H. (1980). The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 51(1), 234-248.
Stagno, K. M., Thatcher, R., & van Someren, K.,A. (2007). A modified TRIMP to quantify the in-season training load of team sport players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(6), 629-634.
Sylta, o., Tønnessen, E., & Seiler, S. (2014). From heart rate data to training quantification: a comparison of 3 methods of training intensity analysis. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(1):100-107.
Taha, T., & Thomas, S. G. (2003). Systems modelling of the relationship between training and performance. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 33(14), 1061-1073.
Villaño, D., Vilaplana, C., Medina, S., Cejuela-Anta, R., Martínez-Sanz, J.M., Gil, P., … , Gil-Izquierdo, A. (2015). Effect of elite physical exercise by triathletes on seven catabolites of DNA oxidation. Free radical research, 49(8),973-983.
Wood, R. E., Hayter, S., Rowbottom, D., & Stewart, I. (2005). Applying a mathematical model to training adaptation in a distance runner. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(3), 310-316.
Aubert, A. E., Seps, B., & Beckers, F. (2003). Heart rate variability in athletes. Sports Medicine, 33, 889–919
Banister, E. W., & Calvert, T. W. (1980). Planning for future performance: Implications for long term training. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences.Journal Canadien Des Sciences Appliquées Au Sport, 5(3),170-176.
Borg, G. & Dahlstrom, H. (1964a). A case study of perceived exertion during a work test. Acta Societatis Medicorum Upsaliensis, 67, 91-93.
Borg, G. & Dahlstrom, H. (1964b). A pilot study of perceived exertion and physical working capacity. Acta Societatis Medicorum Upsaliensis, 67, 21-27.
Borg, G. A. (1975). Perceived exertion. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2, 131-153.
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M. I. (2007). Changes in heart rate recovery in response to acute changes in training load. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(4), 503-511.
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M.I. (2008). Quantifying training load: a comparison of subjective and objective methods. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(1):16-30.
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M.I. (2009). The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 39(9), 779-795.
Buchheit, M., Chivot, A., Parouty, J., Mercier, D., Al Haddad, H., Laursen, P. B., & Ahmaidi, S. (2010). Monitoring endurance running performance using cardiac parasympathetic function. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108, 1153–1167.
Buchheit, M., Laursen, P. B., & Ahmaidi, S. (2007). Parasympathetic reactivation after repeated sprint exercise. AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 293(1), 133–141.
Cejuela Anta, R., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2011). Training load quantification in triathlon. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise , 6(2), 218-232.
Chalencon, S., Busso, T., Lacour, J.-R., Garet, M., Pichot, V., Connes, P., … Barthélémy, J. C. (2012). A model for the training effects in swimming demonstrates a strong relationship between parasympathetic activity, performance and index of fatigue. PLoS One, 7(12), e52636.
Chandola, T., Heraclides, A., & Kumari, M. (2010). Psychophysiological biomarkers of workplace stressors. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 51–57.
DellaValle, D.M & Haas, J.A. (2013). Quantification of Training Load and Intensity in Female Collegiate Rowers: Validation of a Daily Assessment Tool. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(2),540–548.
Devec, T., Pialoux, V., Saugy, J., Schmitt, L., Cejuela, R., Mury, P., ... Millet, G.P.(2015). Prooxidant/Antioxidant Balance in Hypoxia: A Cross-Over Study on Normobaric vs. Hypobaric “Live High-Train Low”. PLoS One, 10(9),e0137957.
Ebert, T. R., Martin, D. T., McDonald, W., Victor, J., Plummer, J., & Withers, R. T. (2005). Power output during women’s world cup road cycle racing. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(5-6), 529-536.
Ebert, T. R., Martin, D. T., Stephens, B., & Withers, R. T. (2006). Power output during a professional men’s road-cycling tour. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(4), 324-335.
Edwards, S. (1993). The heart rate monitor book. Sacramento: Fleet Feet Press. Esteve-Lanao, J., Foster, C., Seiler, S., & Lucia, A. (2007). Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association, 21(3), 943-949.
Fiskerstrand, A., & Seiler, K. S. (2004). Training and performance characteristics among norwegian international rowers 1970-2001. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 14(5), 303-310.
Foster, C., Florhaug, J. A., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovatin, L. A., Parker, S., et al. (2001). A new approach to monitoring exercise training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association, 15(1), 109-115.
Fry, R. W., Morton, A. R., & Keast, D. (1992). Periodisation of training stress--a review. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences = Journal Canadien Des Sciences Du Sport, 17(3), 234-240.
García-Ramos, A. et al. (2015). Training load quantification in elite swimmers using a modified version of the training impulse method. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(2), 85-93.
Gardner, A.S., Stephens, S., Martin, D.T., Lawton, E., Lee, H., Jenkins, D. (2004). Accuracy of SRM and power tap power monitoring systems for bicycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(7),1252-1258.
Guellich, A., & Seiler, S. (2010). Lactate profile changes in relation to training characteristics in junior elite cyclists.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 316-327.
Hautala, A. J., Kiviniemi, A. M., & Tulppo, M. P. (2009). Individual responses to aerobic exercise: The role of the autonomic
nervous system. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(2), 107–115
Hayes, P. R., & Quinn, M. D. (2009). A mathematical model for quantifying training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(6), 839-847.
Jobson, S. A., Passfield, L., Atkinson, G., Barton, G., & Scarf, P. (2009). The analysis and utilization of cycling training data. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 39(10), 833-844.
Kaikkonen, P., Hynynen, E.,Mann, T., Rusko, H., & Nummela, A. (2010). Can HRV be used to evaluate training load inconstant load exercises? European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108,435–442.
Kaikkonen, P., Hynynen, E.,Mann, T., Rusko, H., & Nummela, A. (2012). Heart rate variability is related to training load variables in interval running exercises. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 829–838.
Kaikkonen, P., Nummela, A., & Rusko, H. (2007). Heart rate variability dynamics during early recovery after different endurance exercises. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 102(1), 79–86.
Luciá, A., Hoyos, J., Carvajal, A., & Chicharro, J. L. (1999). Heart rate response to professional road cycling: The tour de
france. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(3), 167-172.
Manzi, V., Iellamo, F., Impellizzeri, F., D’Ottavio, S., & Castagna, C. (2009). Relation between individualized training
impulses and performance in distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(11), 2090-2096.
Martinmäki, K., & Rusko, H. (2008). Timefrequency analysis of heart rate variability during immediate recovery from low and high intensity exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 102, 353–360.
Medina, S., Domínguez-Perles, R., Cejuela- Anta, R., Villaño, D., Martínez-Sanz, J.M., Gil, P., … Gil-Izquierdo, A. (2012).
Assessment of oxidative stress markers and prostaglandins after chronic training of triathletes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Media, 99(3-4),79-86.
Morton, R. H., Fitz-Clarke, J., & Banister, E. W. (1990). Modeling human performance in running. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 69(3), 1171-1177.
Mujika, I. (1998). The influence of training characteristics and tapering on the adaptation in highly trained individuals: A review. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(7), 439-446.
Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2003). Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(7), 1182-1187. Mujika, I., Busso, T., Lacoste, L., Barale, F., Geyssant, A., & Chatard, J. C. (1996). Modeled responses to training and taper in competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(2), 251-258.
Mujika, I., Padilla, S., Pyne, D., & Busso, T. (2004). Physiological changes associated with the pre-event taper in athletes. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 34(13), 891-927.
Muñoz, I., Cejuela, R., Seiler, S., Larumbe, E., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2014). Training-intensity distribution during an ironman season: relationship with competition performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(2),332-339.
Munoz, I., Seiler, S., Alcocer, A., Carr, N., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2015). Specific Intensity for Peaking: Is Race Pace the Best Option? Asian journal of sports medicine, 6(3),e24900.
Muñoz, I., Seiler, S., Bautista, J., España, J., Larumbe, E., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2014). Does polarized training improve performance in recreational runners? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(2):265-272.
Saboul, D., Balducci, P., Millet, G., Pialoux, V., & Hautier, C. (2015). A pilot study on quantification of training load: The use of HRV intraining practice. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(2),172-181.
Seiler, K. S., & Kjerland, G. Ø. (2006). Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: Is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 16(1), 49-56.
Singh, F., Foster, C., Tod, D., & McGuigan, M. R. (2007). Monitoring different types of resistance training using session rating of perceived exertion. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2(1), 34-45.
Skinner, J. S., & McLellan, T. H. (1980). The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 51(1), 234-248.
Stagno, K. M., Thatcher, R., & van Someren, K.,A. (2007). A modified TRIMP to quantify the in-season training load of team sport players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(6), 629-634.
Sylta, o., Tønnessen, E., & Seiler, S. (2014). From heart rate data to training quantification: a comparison of 3 methods of training intensity analysis. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(1):100-107.
Taha, T., & Thomas, S. G. (2003). Systems modelling of the relationship between training and performance. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 33(14), 1061-1073.
Villaño, D., Vilaplana, C., Medina, S., Cejuela-Anta, R., Martínez-Sanz, J.M., Gil, P., … , Gil-Izquierdo, A. (2015). Effect of elite physical exercise by triathletes on seven catabolites of DNA oxidation. Free radical research, 49(8),973-983.
Wood, R. E., Hayter, S., Rowbottom, D., & Stewart, I. (2005). Applying a mathematical model to training adaptation in a distance runner. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(3), 310-316.
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