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Conde Pascual E. (2014). La finalización de la carrera deportiva en los deportistas de élite. Búsqueda, 1(13), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.21892/01239813.153
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La alta profesionalización del deporte de élite existente en la actualidad, ha supuesto en las últimas décadas, un aumento de la carga horaria que los deportistas dedican a entrenamientos y competiciones. Teniendo en cuenta que la retirada deportiva se produce a edades muy tempranas, es a menudo una etapa de crisis que implica exigencias y requiere ciertos ajustes a nivel ocupacional, financiero, social y psicológico. Por ello, es importante concebir al deportista a nivel global y formarle durante su carrera deportiva no sólo para optimizar el rendimiento, sino orientarle, asesorarle y formarle en todos los ámbitos para afrontar de forma positiva y efectiva el proceso de retirada. Se puede afirmar que la investigación en el área de la retirada y transición de la carrera deportiva en las últimas cinco décadas, ha hecho avanzar la comprensión de este fenómeno, desplazándose la atención de la consideración de la carrera deportiva como un caso singular dentro de las transiciones (Stambulova, 1994) a la discusión de la naturaleza de los hechos, los procesos, la superación y las intervenciones (Lavallee, Nestu, Borkoles, Cockerill & Edge, 2000).
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Alfermann, D. (2000). Causes and consequences of sport career termination. En D. Lavallee, y P. Wylleman (Eds.), Career transitions in sport: International perspectives (pp. 45- 58). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Alfermann, D., & Stambulova, N. (2007). Career transitions and career termination. En G. Tenenbaum & R.C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 712- 736). New York: Wiley.
Alfermann, D., Stambulova, N., & Zemaityte, A. (2004). Reactions to sport career termination: a cross-national comparison of German, Lithuanian, and Russian athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 61- 75. doi: 10.1016/146902920200050.
Allison, M. T., & Meyer, C. (1988). Career problems and retirement among elite athletes: the female tennis professional. Sociology of Sport Journal, 5(3), 212-222.
Atchley, R. (1991). The influence of aging or frailty on perceptions and expressions of the self: Theoretical and methodological issues. The concept and measurement of quality of life in the frail elderly (pp. 207-225). San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
Baillie, P. (1993). Understanding retirement from sports. Counseling Psychologist, 21(3), 399-410. doi: 10.1177/0011000093213004.
Baillie, P., & Danish, S. (1992). Understanding the career transition of athletes. Sport Psychologist, 6(1), 77-98.
Ball, D. W. (1976). Failure in Sport. American Sociological Review, 41(4), 726-739.
Beehr, T. A. (1986). The process of retirement: A review and recomendations for future investigation. Personnel Psychology, 39, 31-55.
Blinde, E., & Greendorfer, S. (1985). A reconceptualization of the process of leaving the role of competitive athlete. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 20(1-2), 87-94. doi: 10.1177/101269028502000108.
Blinde, E., & Stratta, T. (1992). The sport career death of college athletes: involuntary and unanticipated sport exits. Journal of Sport Behavior, 15(1), 3-20.
Brewer, B., Van Raalte, J. L., & Petitpas, A. (2000). Self-identity issues in sport career transitions. En D. L. y. P. Wylleman (Eds.), Career transitions in sport: International.
Bruner, M. W., Erickson, K., Wilson, B., & Côté, J. (2010). An appraisal of athlete development models through citation network analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(2), 133-139.
Carter, M. A., & Cook, K. (1995). Adaptation to retirement: Role changes and psychological resources. The Career Development Quarterly; The Career Development Quarterly, 44(1), 67-82.
Chiesa, R., & Sarchielli, G. (2008). Prepararse para la jubilación: el papel del apoyo social en la gestión de la ansiedad. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 24, 365-388.
Coakley, J. J. (1983). Leaving competitive sport: retirement or rebirth? Quest, 35(1), 1-11.
Cumming, E., Dean, L. R., Newell, D. S., & McCaffrey, I. (1960). Disengagement-A tentative theory of aging. Sociometry, 23(1), 23-35.
Cecic Erpic, S., Wylleman, P., & Zupancic, M. (2004). The effect of athletic and non- athletic factors on the sports career termination process. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 45.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Stonton.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1965). Awareness of Dying. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Gordon, S. (1995). Career transitions in competitive sport. En T. Moms & J. Summers (Eds.), Sport psychology: Theory, applications and issues (pp. 474- 501). Brisbane: Jacaranda Wiley.
Haerle, R.K. (1974). Career patterns and career contingencies of professional baseball players: an occupational analysis. En Ball y Loy (Eds.)., Sport and social order: contributions to the sociology of sport, Reading (pp. 461-519).
Homans, G.C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
Johns, D. P., Lindner, K. J., & Wolko, K. (1990). Understanding attrition in female competitive gymnastics: applying social exchange theory. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(2), 154-171.
Kastenbaum, R., & Kastenbaum, B. (1989). Encyclopedia of death. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx.
Koukouris, K. (1991). Quantitative aspects of the disengagement process of advanced and elite Greek male athletes from organized competitive sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 14(4), 227-246.
Kuypers, J. A., & Bengtson, V. L. (1973). Social breakdown and competence: A model of normal aging. Human Development, 16(3), 181-201. doi: 10.1159/000271275.
Lally, P. (2007). Identity and athletic retirement: a prospective study. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(1), 85-99.
Lavallee, D., Nesti, M., Borkoles, E., Cockerill, I., & Edge, A. (2000). Intervention strategies for athletes in transition. En D.
Lavallee, D., Wylleman, P., & Sinclair, D. (2000). Career transitions in sports: An annotated bibliography. En D. Lavallee & P. Wylleman (Eds.), Career transitions in sport: International perspectives (pp. 207- 258). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Lerch, S. (1981). The adjustment to retirement of professional baseball players’. En S. Greendorfer & A. Yiannakis (Eds.), Sociology of Sport: Diverse Perspectives (pp. 138-148). West Point, NY: Leisure Press.
López de Subijana, C., Conde, E., Barriopedro, MI., & Gallardo, L. (2014). Eficacia en la aplicación de las medidas de formación para los deportistas de alto nivel en el territorio español. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 23(1), 41-48.
Mihovilovic, M. (1968). The status of former sportsmen. International Review for the Sport Sociology, 3, 73- 96.
North, J., & Lavallee, D. (2004). An investigation of potential users of career transition services in the United Kingdom. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 77.
Ball, D. W. (1976). Failure in Sport. American Sociological Review, 41(4), 726-739.
Ogilvie, B., & Howe, M. (1986). The trauma of termination from athletics. En J. M. Williams (Eds.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 365-382). Palo Alto, California.
Pallarés, S., Azocar, F., Torregrosa, M., Selva, C., & Ramis, Y. (2011). Modelos de trayectoria deportiva en waterpolo y su implicación en la transición hacia una carrera profesional alternativa. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 6(17).
Reints, A., Wylleman, P., & Dom, L. (2008). Kwalitatief onderzoek naar relatie tussen beroepsgerichte nacarrie`replanning en huidige beroepssituatie van Vlaamse extopjudoka’s. Artículo presentado en el Congreso VSPN ‘Van wetenschap naar praktijk’. Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Remer, R., & Tongate, F. A., & Watson, J. (1978). Athletes counseling the overprivileged minority. The Personnel and Guidance Journal 56(10), 626-629.
Rose, A. M. (1962). Human behaviour and social processes: an interactionist approach. Boston: Houghton.
Rosenberg, E. (1984). Athletic retirement as social death: Concepts and perspectives. Toronto, Ontario, Canadá: Texas Christian University Press.
Sinclair, D. A., & Orlick, T. (1993). Positive transitions from high- performance sport. Sport Psychologist, 7(2), 138-150.
Stambulova, N. (2000). Athlete's crises: a developmental perspective. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31(4), 584-
601.
Stambulova, N. (1994). Developmental sports career investigations in Russia: a post- perestroika analysis. Investigations sur le developpement des carrieres sportives en Russie: analyse faite apres la Perestroik, 8(3), 221-237.
Svoboda, B., & Vanek, M. (1982). Retirement from high level competition. En T. Orlick, J. Partington & J. Salmel (Eds.), Mental training: For coaches and athletes (pp. 166-175).
Sinclair, D. A., & Orlick, T. (1993). Positive transitions from high- performance sport. Sport Psychologist, 7(2), 138-150.
Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology: Routledge. doi: 10.1080/10413209408406462.
Torregrosa, M., Boixadós, M., Valiente, L., & Cruz, J. (2004). Elite athletes' image of retirement: the way to relocation in sport. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 35.
Webb, W. M., Nasco, S. A., Riley, S., & Headrick, B. (1998). Athlete identity and reactions to retirement from sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21(3), 338-362.
Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., & Lavallee, D. (2004). Career transitions in sport: European perspectives. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 7.
Wylleman, P., & Lavalle, D. (2003). A development perspectiv on transitions faced by athletes. En M. Weiss (Eds.), Development Sport Psychology. Morgantwon, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Alfermann, D., & Stambulova, N. (2007). Career transitions and career termination. En G. Tenenbaum & R.C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 712- 736). New York: Wiley.
Alfermann, D., Stambulova, N., & Zemaityte, A. (2004). Reactions to sport career termination: a cross-national comparison of German, Lithuanian, and Russian athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 61- 75. doi: 10.1016/146902920200050.
Allison, M. T., & Meyer, C. (1988). Career problems and retirement among elite athletes: the female tennis professional. Sociology of Sport Journal, 5(3), 212-222.
Atchley, R. (1991). The influence of aging or frailty on perceptions and expressions of the self: Theoretical and methodological issues. The concept and measurement of quality of life in the frail elderly (pp. 207-225). San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
Baillie, P. (1993). Understanding retirement from sports. Counseling Psychologist, 21(3), 399-410. doi: 10.1177/0011000093213004.
Baillie, P., & Danish, S. (1992). Understanding the career transition of athletes. Sport Psychologist, 6(1), 77-98.
Ball, D. W. (1976). Failure in Sport. American Sociological Review, 41(4), 726-739.
Beehr, T. A. (1986). The process of retirement: A review and recomendations for future investigation. Personnel Psychology, 39, 31-55.
Blinde, E., & Greendorfer, S. (1985). A reconceptualization of the process of leaving the role of competitive athlete. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 20(1-2), 87-94. doi: 10.1177/101269028502000108.
Blinde, E., & Stratta, T. (1992). The sport career death of college athletes: involuntary and unanticipated sport exits. Journal of Sport Behavior, 15(1), 3-20.
Brewer, B., Van Raalte, J. L., & Petitpas, A. (2000). Self-identity issues in sport career transitions. En D. L. y. P. Wylleman (Eds.), Career transitions in sport: International.
Bruner, M. W., Erickson, K., Wilson, B., & Côté, J. (2010). An appraisal of athlete development models through citation network analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(2), 133-139.
Carter, M. A., & Cook, K. (1995). Adaptation to retirement: Role changes and psychological resources. The Career Development Quarterly; The Career Development Quarterly, 44(1), 67-82.
Chiesa, R., & Sarchielli, G. (2008). Prepararse para la jubilación: el papel del apoyo social en la gestión de la ansiedad. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 24, 365-388.
Coakley, J. J. (1983). Leaving competitive sport: retirement or rebirth? Quest, 35(1), 1-11.
Cumming, E., Dean, L. R., Newell, D. S., & McCaffrey, I. (1960). Disengagement-A tentative theory of aging. Sociometry, 23(1), 23-35.
Cecic Erpic, S., Wylleman, P., & Zupancic, M. (2004). The effect of athletic and non- athletic factors on the sports career termination process. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 45.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Stonton.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1965). Awareness of Dying. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Gordon, S. (1995). Career transitions in competitive sport. En T. Moms & J. Summers (Eds.), Sport psychology: Theory, applications and issues (pp. 474- 501). Brisbane: Jacaranda Wiley.
Haerle, R.K. (1974). Career patterns and career contingencies of professional baseball players: an occupational analysis. En Ball y Loy (Eds.)., Sport and social order: contributions to the sociology of sport, Reading (pp. 461-519).
Homans, G.C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
Johns, D. P., Lindner, K. J., & Wolko, K. (1990). Understanding attrition in female competitive gymnastics: applying social exchange theory. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(2), 154-171.
Kastenbaum, R., & Kastenbaum, B. (1989). Encyclopedia of death. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx.
Koukouris, K. (1991). Quantitative aspects of the disengagement process of advanced and elite Greek male athletes from organized competitive sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 14(4), 227-246.
Kuypers, J. A., & Bengtson, V. L. (1973). Social breakdown and competence: A model of normal aging. Human Development, 16(3), 181-201. doi: 10.1159/000271275.
Lally, P. (2007). Identity and athletic retirement: a prospective study. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(1), 85-99.
Lavallee, D., Nesti, M., Borkoles, E., Cockerill, I., & Edge, A. (2000). Intervention strategies for athletes in transition. En D.
Lavallee, D., Wylleman, P., & Sinclair, D. (2000). Career transitions in sports: An annotated bibliography. En D. Lavallee & P. Wylleman (Eds.), Career transitions in sport: International perspectives (pp. 207- 258). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Lerch, S. (1981). The adjustment to retirement of professional baseball players’. En S. Greendorfer & A. Yiannakis (Eds.), Sociology of Sport: Diverse Perspectives (pp. 138-148). West Point, NY: Leisure Press.
López de Subijana, C., Conde, E., Barriopedro, MI., & Gallardo, L. (2014). Eficacia en la aplicación de las medidas de formación para los deportistas de alto nivel en el territorio español. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 23(1), 41-48.
Mihovilovic, M. (1968). The status of former sportsmen. International Review for the Sport Sociology, 3, 73- 96.
North, J., & Lavallee, D. (2004). An investigation of potential users of career transition services in the United Kingdom. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 77.
Ball, D. W. (1976). Failure in Sport. American Sociological Review, 41(4), 726-739.
Ogilvie, B., & Howe, M. (1986). The trauma of termination from athletics. En J. M. Williams (Eds.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 365-382). Palo Alto, California.
Pallarés, S., Azocar, F., Torregrosa, M., Selva, C., & Ramis, Y. (2011). Modelos de trayectoria deportiva en waterpolo y su implicación en la transición hacia una carrera profesional alternativa. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 6(17).
Reints, A., Wylleman, P., & Dom, L. (2008). Kwalitatief onderzoek naar relatie tussen beroepsgerichte nacarrie`replanning en huidige beroepssituatie van Vlaamse extopjudoka’s. Artículo presentado en el Congreso VSPN ‘Van wetenschap naar praktijk’. Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Remer, R., & Tongate, F. A., & Watson, J. (1978). Athletes counseling the overprivileged minority. The Personnel and Guidance Journal 56(10), 626-629.
Rose, A. M. (1962). Human behaviour and social processes: an interactionist approach. Boston: Houghton.
Rosenberg, E. (1984). Athletic retirement as social death: Concepts and perspectives. Toronto, Ontario, Canadá: Texas Christian University Press.
Sinclair, D. A., & Orlick, T. (1993). Positive transitions from high- performance sport. Sport Psychologist, 7(2), 138-150.
Stambulova, N. (2000). Athlete's crises: a developmental perspective. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31(4), 584-
601.
Stambulova, N. (1994). Developmental sports career investigations in Russia: a post- perestroika analysis. Investigations sur le developpement des carrieres sportives en Russie: analyse faite apres la Perestroik, 8(3), 221-237.
Svoboda, B., & Vanek, M. (1982). Retirement from high level competition. En T. Orlick, J. Partington & J. Salmel (Eds.), Mental training: For coaches and athletes (pp. 166-175).
Sinclair, D. A., & Orlick, T. (1993). Positive transitions from high- performance sport. Sport Psychologist, 7(2), 138-150.
Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology: Routledge. doi: 10.1080/10413209408406462.
Torregrosa, M., Boixadós, M., Valiente, L., & Cruz, J. (2004). Elite athletes' image of retirement: the way to relocation in sport. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 35.
Webb, W. M., Nasco, S. A., Riley, S., & Headrick, B. (1998). Athlete identity and reactions to retirement from sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21(3), 338-362.
Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., & Lavallee, D. (2004). Career transitions in sport: European perspectives. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 7.
Wylleman, P., & Lavalle, D. (2003). A development perspectiv on transitions faced by athletes. En M. Weiss (Eds.), Development Sport Psychology. Morgantwon, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
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